Law Challenges for Administrative Justice

Question: Examine about theLawfor Challenges for Administrative Justice. Answer: In this paper, we examine the issue or issue identified with regulatory law, and conversation on rule and standard of Administrative law. Issue Related to Administrative Law: Intricacy: an enormous number of individuals discover trouble in understanding the administration programs. Normally individuals don't comprehend the detail law of 8000 pages, right around 130 classes of visa if there should arise an occurrence of migration or tax reductions identified with families and plans identified with youngster support in light of the fact that such projects required estimating the future wages, work duties and family care game plans. On account of number of complex necessities and lawful commitments by government confounded the overall population which brings about unpredictability. In complex working framework overall population pick wrong alternatives, defy the guidelines and guidelines, and they get befuddled in various projects. Due to these intricate prerequisites by government individuals get befuddled and depend on the exhortation of the administration with respect to what to do, and how to do. It happen part of time when individuals pose an inappropriate inquiry or comprehend an inappropriate answer. These issues causes disappointment and disturbance, and now and then it bring about regulatory punishments or loss of qualifications (McMillan, 2010). In the event that, of break or neglect to conform to these administration prerequisites, at that point this will prompt managerial punishment or loss of privileges. For instance: inaccurate data in the arrival pull in punishment up to 25%, half or 75% of the determined duty. Poor dynamic and human delicacy: there are number of cases which are distinguished by courts in which there is damaged dynamic, and such imperfections are rectified by courts, councils, and ombudsman. Such imperfections incorporates error of enactment, courts dissect the data in incorrect way, capture or keep the individuals for wrong explanation, and use of unseemly punishments. In any case, these revisions can't deny the way that mix-ups are done in visit way in this authoritative framework. It was the basic action that officials record the reports in incorrect manner, befuddle the dates and names, and miss the cutoff times or give secret data to an inappropriate people. These slip-ups are human mistakes yet it will bring about emotional outcomes. On account of these straightforward mistakes number of individuals faces trouble (Law handbook, n.d.). Three inquiries that are intended to create a conversation about an Administrative Law rule or rule: How these managerial laws settle the issue identified with multifaceted nature? It is essential that administration make law programs that are straightforward, and doesn't include any perplexing prerequisites. Simple and justifiable projects help in understanding the necessities and lessen the disarray. Is that conceivable that authoritative law surveys the punishment arrangements? Punishments are important for the individual who breaks the guidelines, however there are number of punishments which are created because of turmoil in understanding the guidelines. Government likewise makes a few arrangements for those additionally who didn't submit penetrate purposefully (Gleeson, 2001). How governments manage the mix-ups made by division? Mix-ups made by offices are human blunders however their belongings are risky. It is important that legislature build up a division which watch out for the exercises of authorities and lessen such mix-ups. References: McMillan, J. (2010). Ten difficulties for regulatory equity. Recovered on tenth October 2016 from: https://www.ombudsman.gov.au/__data/resources/pdf_file/0014/30128/8-August-2008-Ten-challenges-for-regulatory justice.pdf. Law handbook. Regulatory Law - Challenging Government Decisions. Recovered on tenth October 2016 from: https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/book/send out/html/901. Gleeson, M. (2001). Courts and the standard of law. Recovered on tenth October 2016 from: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/resources/distributions/discourses/previous judges/gleesoncj/cj_ruleoflaw.htm.

History of Witches Signing the Devils Book

History of Witches Signing the Devil's Book In Puritan philosophy, an individual recordedâ a agreement with the Devil by marking, or making their imprint, in the Devils book with pen and ink or with blood. Only with such marking, as indicated by the convictions of the time, did an individual really become a witch and increase evil forces, for example, showing up in phantom structure to do mischief to another. In declaration in the Salem witch preliminaries, finding an informer who could affirm that the denounced had marked the Devils book, or getting an admission from the blamed that she or he had marked it, was a significant piece of the assessment. For a portion of the people in question, the declaration against them included charges that they had, similar to ghosts, attempted to or prevailing with regards to driving others or convincing others to sign the villains book. The possibility that marking the villains book was significant is likely gotten from the Puritan conviction that congregation individuals made a pledge with God and showed that by marking the congregation participation book. This allegation, at that point, fit with the possibility that the black magic pestilence in Salem Village was subverting the nearby church, a subject which Rev. Samuel Parris and other neighborhood clergymen lectured during the starting periods of the furor. Tituba and the Devils Book At the point when the slave, Tituba, was examinedâ for her alleged part in the black magic of Salem Village, she said she had been beaten by her proprietor, Rev. Parris, and advised she needed to admit to rehearsing black magic. She additionally admitted to marking the fiends book and a few different signs that were had faith in European culture to be indications of black magic, remembering flying for the air on a pole. Because Tituba admitted, she was not liable to hanging (just unconfessed witches could be executed). She was not attempted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer, which administered the executions, however by the Superior Court of Judicature, in May 1693, after the flood of executions was finished. That court cleared her of covenanting with the Devil. In Titubas case, during the assessment, the appointed authority, John Hathorne, got some information about marking the book, and different acts which in European culture connoted the act of witchcraft. She had not offered any such explicit until he asked. And and still, after all that, she said that she marked it with red like blood, which would give her some room later to state that she had tricked the demon by marking it with something that resembled blood, and not really with her own blood. Tituba was inquired as to whether she saw different checks in the book. She said that she had seen others, including those of Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne. On further assessment, she said shed seen nine of them, yet couldn't distinguish the others. The informers started, after Titubas assessment, remembering for their declaration points of interest about marking the villains book, ordinarily that the charged as ghosts had attempted to constrain the young ladies to sign the book, in any event, tormenting them. A predictable topic by the informers was that they would not sign the book and wouldn't contact the book. Increasingly Specific Examples In March of 1692, Abigail Williams, one of the informers at the Salem witch preliminaries, blamed Rebecca Nurse for attempting to constrain her (Abigail) to sign the fallen angels book. Fire up. Deodat Lawson, who had been the pastor in Salem Village before Rev. Parris, saw this case by Abigail Williams. In April, when Mercy Lewis accused Giles Corey, she said that Corey had appeared to her as a soul and constrained her to sign the fiends book. He was captured four days after this allegation and was killed by squeezing when he declined to either admit to or deny the charges against him. Prior History The possibility that an individual made a settlement with the fiend, either orally or recorded as a hard copy, was a typical confidence in black magic legend of medieval and early present day times. The Malleus Maleficarum, written in 1486 - 1487 by a couple of German Dominican priests and philosophy educators, and one of the most well-known manuals for witch trackers, portrays the concurrence with the demon as a significant custom in partner with the fallen angel and turning into a witch (or warlock).

10 Motivation Myths That Keep You From Reaching Goals

10 Motivation Myths That Keep You From Reaching Goals More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Are you falling prey to motivation myths that might be sabotaging your chances of achieving your goals? We all like to think that we have a pretty solid understanding of what makes us tick. The reality is that we are often surprisingly blind to psychological factors that contribute to our success and failure. Research has shown that not only are people sometimes quite poor at knowing what will make them happy, they also underestimate what it really takes to achieve their goals. Top Myths About Motivation Let’s take a closer look at some of the top myths that may be standing in the way of your motivation. Money Is the Ultimate Motivator Money certainly can be a great motivational tool, but some people mistakenly place too much importance on financial rewards and overlook other factors that might ultimately play a greater role in their motivation and happiness. If you take a job because it pays well, but neglect the fact that it is in an undesirable location, has terrible hours, and leaves you with no free time for family, will the monetary rewards really make up for all those downsides? It might for a while, but chances are that you will eventually start to feel stressed and unmotivated to go to work. Research has suggested that people who are primarily motivated by financial concerns tend to suffer from worse mental health on a variety of psychological measures. If You Are Smart, You Dont Need to Be Motivated People often believe that being smart is a way to guarantee success, but researchers have repeatedly found that intelligence is certainly not always a predictor of achievement. In the famous longitudinal study of gifted kids by Lewis Terman, some of the most intelligent individuals later went on to lead very average lives unmarked by great accomplishments. You might be smart, but that doesn’t mean that motivation won’t play a role in your success. Visualizing Success Will Make Dreams a Reality Self-help gurus often tout the power of visualization. Just imagining yourself reaching your goals, they suggest, will help you achieve them. Psychological research, on the other hand, suggests that these visualization activities can sometimes be counterproductive. If you imagine yourself instantly successful, it actually saps your motivation to go out and achieve those goals. A better strategyâ€"visualize yourself completing the steps it will take to reach your goals. If you are trying to lose weight, envision yourself eating healthy and working out rather than just imagining yourself instantly skinny. Greater Rewards Will Lead to Greater Motivation If you want someone to do something, offering them a big reward seems like a sure-fire way to inspire motivation, right? The problem is that researchers have discovered that sometimes these rewards can backfire. When you give someone a reward for something that they are already intrinsically motivated to do, the result is often a decrease in motivation, something that psychologists refer to as the overjustification effect. Rewards can inspire action when a person really does need some sort of incentive to engage in a task, but reinforcements should be used carefully and sparingly. Fear Is a Great Way to Inspire Motivation The threat of punishment or penalty can definitely inspire action, but often for just a brief period of time. Rewards can be tricky, but research has shown that reinforcement is usually a more effective strategy than punishments when it comes to boosting motivation. If you are relying on fear to drive yourself or others, try switching tactics to focus on bonuses for good performance. Just Trying Is Enough Think about the last time you tried something difficult. Before you walked out onto the field, onto the stage, or into the boardroom, someone might have leaned in and encouraged you to “just do your best.” These four words are often thought to be a great motivator, but research has actually shown that it might actually be a recipe for mediocrity. Researchers have actually found that setting high specific and difficult goals are more likely to inspire motivation, performance, and achievement. The next time you are making a goal, choose something specific and set the bar high.   You Should Praise Talent Instead of Efforts Psychologist Carol Dweck suggests that focusing on innate talents rather than efforts can stunt motivation. If you believe that talents are inborn (an approach thats known as a fixed mindset), it leads to the belief that no amount of effort can change the results. Cultivating a growth mindset, or the belief that people can change and develop abilities through effort and dedication can be a much more motivating approach. One way to develop this mindset is to praise efforts rather than talents.   Why Cultivating a Growth Mindset Can Boost Your Success Willpower Is All It Takes to Reach Your Goals People tend to believe that willpower is the deciding factor when it comes to goal attainment. In the American Psychology Associations annual Stress in America survey, respondents listed a lack of willpower as the single biggest factor holding them back from reaching their goals. Willpower is certainly an important piece of the motivational puzzle, but it certainly isn’t the be-all-end-all. The strength of your commitment, your desire to reach your goals, the types of incentives you’ll gain, and the obstacles you’ll face also play critical roles. When you are trying to get motivated, make a plan that takes these factors into account rather than just relying on willpower alone. You Have to Wait for the Right Motivation to Strike Sometimes you get lucky and inspiration strikes you at the right moment. It seems to just lift you up in a wave of motivation that keeps you directed toward accomplishing your goals. These moments are great, but waiting for them to come along is a mistake. Sometimes it takes work to create the motivation to reach your goals. You might have to sit down and make a list of your goals and develop a step-by-step plan for reaching them. You might have to join a club or enlist the help of friends to stay motivated. Sometimes you might even need to inspire yourself with the promise of a reward.   5 Surprising Ways to Increase Motivation Writing Your Goals Down Is the Key to Success Journaling can be a highly effective motivation tool, but just writing down your goals without backing up those missives with action won’t produce results. Motivational speakers and self-help gurus often like to suggest that merely writing down your goals is some sort of motivational panacea, but there is no research to back up these kinds of claims. Rather than just writing down your goals, focus on journaling the actual efforts you make each day toward reaching your goals. Tactics That Can Improve Motivation So which tactics really help people feel more motivated? In his TED Talk What Makes Us Feel Good About Our Work? behavioral economist Dan Ariely cited a few studies that reveal some effective motivational tactics.Meaningful work can improve motivation. Seeing the results of your efforts can motivate and lead to better performance.Appreciation. People who feel that their efforts are acknowledged tend to work harder and longer, while those who feel neglected require greater incentives to keep going.Difficult work can be motivating. Think back on some of your greatest accomplishments. The ones you are the proudest of were likely the most difficult to achieve. The more difficult something is, the more motivating and rewarding it might be.

Facts About Whitehorse, Capital City of Yukon, Canada

Whitehorse, the capital city of the Yukon Territory of Canada, is a major northern hub. It is the largest community in Yukon, with more than 70 percent of Yukons population living there. Whitehorse is within the shared traditional territory of the Taan Kwachan Council (TKC) and the Kwanlin Dun First Nation (KDFN) and has a thriving arts and cultural community. Its diversity includes French immersion programs and French schools and it has a strong Filipino community, amongst others. Whitehorse has a young and active population, and the city has many amenities you might be surprised to find in the North. Theres a Canada Games Centre, which 3000 people attend every day. There are 700 kilometers of trails extending through and out of Whitehorse, for biking, hiking, and cross-country and downhill skiing. There are also 65 parks and many rinks. Schools are well-equipped with sporting facilities and offer a variety of skilled trades programs that support a thriving small business community. Whitehorse is also set up to handle tourism, and three airlines fly in and out of the city. Around 250,000 travelers also drive through the city every year. Location Whitehorse is located just off the Alaska Highway, on the Yukon River about 105 kilometers (65 miles) north of the British Columbia border. Whitehorse is situated in the wide valley of the Yukon River, and the Yukon River flows right through town. There are broad valleys and big lakes around the city. Three mountains also surround Whitehorse: Grey Mountain on the east, Haeckel Hill on the northwest and Golden Horn Mountain on the south. Land Area 8,488.91 sq. km (3,277.59 sq. miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Population 26,028 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Date Whitehorse Was Incorporated as a City 1950 Date Whitehorse Became the Capital of Yukon In 1953 the capital of the Yukon Territory was transferred from Dawson City to Whitehorse after the construction of the Klondike Highway bypassed Dawson City by 480 km (300 miles), making Whitehorse the highways hub. Whitehorses name was also changed from White Horse to Whitehorse. Government Whitehorse municipal elections are held every three years. The current Whitehorse City Council was elected on October 18, 2012. The Whitehorse City Council is made up of a Mayor and six Councillors. Whitehorse Mayor Dan CurtisWhitehorse City Council Whitehorse Attractions Yukon Legislative AssemblyYukon Beringia Interpretive CentreMacBride Museum of Yukon HistoryWatch the Northern LightsTake the Whitehorse Waterfront Trolley Main Whitehorse Employers Mining services, tourism, transportation services, and government Weather in Whitehorse Whitehorse has a dry subarctic climate. Because of its location in the valley of the Yukon River, it is relatively mild compared to communities like Yellowknife. Summers in Whitehorse are sunny and warm, and winters in Whitehorse are snowy and cold. In the summer the temperature can be as high as 30Â °C (86Â °F). In winter it will often drop to -20Â °C (-4Â °F) at night. In summer daylight can last as long as 20 hours. In the winter daylight can be as brief as 6.5 hours. Whitehorse Weather Forecast City of Whitehorse Official Site City of Whitehorse Capital Cities of Canada For information on the other capital cities in Canada, see Capital Cities of Canada.

The Use Of Therapeutic Ultrasound ( Us ) - 2688 Words

Introduction Physical therapist clinicians select, prescribe, and implement use of physical agents for a number of therapeutically beneficial reasons.1 According to Cameron,2 physical agents are defined as energy or materials physically applied to patients to assist in rehabilitation. They include heat, cold, water, pressure, sound, electromagnetic radiation, and electrical currents. This study will focus on the use of therapeutic ultrasound (US) to treat osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Therapeutic US is regularly used passively by physical therapist clinicians3 to treat knee OA, but its use lacks substantial evidence of positive therapeutic effect in people with knee OA.4-6 Ultrasound US is a sound wave with a frequency of greater than†¦show more content†¦The knee has the highest prevalence of OA of all of the joints in the human body. Knee OA regularly causes people to experience troubling pain and/or loss of physical function to varying degrees,5 and often results in total knee arthroplasty8 after years of distress and economic burden to the patient and society.9 During 2005 in Ontario, Canada, knee OA costs for an individual averaged $12,200 annually, including personal expenses as well as lost wages.10 It is estimated that as the world’s population ages and as the obesity epidemic grows, the burden of OA on the healthcare system, and therefore the economy, will continue to increase, barring improvements in knee OA management.8 Choosing Wisely Therapeutic US is regularly used by physical therapist clinicians3 to treat knee OA, 4-6 although its use lacks substantial evidence of positive therapeutic effect in people with knee OA.4-6 In September 2014, the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) and American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) released a list of recommendations titled â€Å"Choosing Wisely: five things physical therapists and patients should question†11 (Choosing Wisely) recommending that physical therapists should not

Articles of Partnership Free Essays

ARTICLES OF PARTNERSHIP OF TONCLINTX PASTRY PRODUCT And T-SHIRT PRINTING SERVICES Know all men by these presents: That we, all of whom are citizens and residents of the Philippines and of legal age, do hereby voluntarily associate ourselves to form a general partnership in accordance with the laws of the Philippines, and we hereby certify: ARTICLE I That the name of our general partnership shall be TONCLINTX PASTRY PRODUCT and T-SHIRT PRINTING SERVICES. ARTICLE II That the principal place of our partnership shall be in Sta. Cruz Laguna, Philippines. We will write a custom essay sample on Articles of Partnership or any similar topic only for you Order Now ARTICLE III That our partnership shall exist for a period of three (3) months from the time of registration in the Dean’s Office of the College of Computer Studies. ARTICLE IV That the purpose of the partnership shall be the following: 1. To deal in the business of giving the service of T-shirt design and printing together with sales of pastry products. 2. To import such kind of service after complying with existing laws and regulations. 3. To enter into such other contracts or do such other acts as may be demanded by the needs of the business. ARTICLE V That the general partners of our partnership shall be the following: 1. Jhean Laurence SimanFilipino149 Sitio Huwaran Brgy. Pagsawitan Sta. Cruz Laguna 2. Kristine SumaguiFilipino098 Sitio Talon, Brgy. Sta. Clara Sur Pila Laguna 3. Nico Paolo CatalanFilipino6781 Sitio 4 Brgy. Oogong, Sta, Cruz, Laguna 4. Joy Clinton BabaanFilipinoBeverly Hills, St. Maceda Subd. Brgy. Pinagsanjan, Pagsanjan Laguna Hereby approved by: CANDELARIA SILVANIA FLORENCIA SUMAGUE YOLANDA CATALANN ______________ ______________________ __________________________________ Parent of Parent of Parent of Parent of Ear Anthony B. Silvania Kristine Sumagui Nico Paolo CatalanJoy Clinton Babaan How to cite Articles of Partnership, Papers

Discuss about the Company Bulla Dairy Food- Lecture Notes

Question: Discuss about the Company Bulla Dairy Food. Answer: Introduction: The bulla dairy foods is the largest and most award winning dairy brand of Australia. The products manufactured are fresh and of the best quality, the company aims at becoming more customer concerned. The consumers decision making process of bulla dairy foods is very easy to understand and can be easily evaluated by the five stages of the consumers decision making process and further the company focus on selling the products that are of the customers satisfaction. The four factors of the consumers behavior the cultural, social, individual and the psychological impacts the decision making and to buy the product, bulla dairy have been very much in concern with its values and purpose and the quality it provides to its customers. The mashlaws hierarchy of needs theory explains the level of need and how and what level of need does the company satisfy. (Bulla, 2016) Consumers decision making process The consumers decision making process is a process used by the marketers to identify the decision making process of its consumer, the bulla dairy foods decision making process reflects the consumers wants and needs and produces food in concern of its consumers. There are five individual stages of consumers decision making process and these five stages also will help to take decision on buying the products of bulla dairy food. Problem recognition: this stage deals with exactly the needs of the consumers, recognizing the problems in the buying decision of the consumer from start to end for the brand of product of the bulla dairy food. Information search: this stage deals with searching the information related to the consumers desire and wants and gather more information about the product before buying. Evaluation of alternatives: this stage of the consumers decision making focus on several questions. Is it the right product or do I need a different product, based on the satisfaction of the consumer. Purchase: on this stage the consumer has decided on the information gathered what to purchase and from where. Post purchase satisfaction and dissatisfaction: it is a review stage for both the company and the consumer. The finish to the consumers journey, the satisfaction and dissatisfaction about the product. (Durmaz, Y, Rehyan, O, Mucahit, C, 2011) Four factors of consumers behavior to buy the Bulla dairy foods products The cultural factor: The bulla dairy foods examines the cultural needs to influence the consumers decision making, the company continues to spread happiness and joy the best and tasty bulla dairy products across Australia and is well loved by the true Aussie families. It follows the customers tradition and accordingly operates making the products. Bulla dairys social factor focus on the social groups and hoe the social group is relating to the wants of the customers and their buying patterns. The personal or individual factor as the age and life cycle stage, the occupation, the financial economic situations the life style has a very important affect on the consumers buying pattern and decision, the bulla focus on these and manufactures products for kids as well as adults. Motivation, perception, learning, attitude are the psychological factors and bulla dairy is always directed using these to its goals. Maslaws hierarchy of needs The bulla dairy foods satisfy the self actualization and esteem level of needs of maslaws hierarchy of needs. As the company is achievement, respect and recognition concerned, the company is focused on delivering the best high value products for its food, bulla dairy is a market leader in the foodservices channel. The company is proudly making dairy products in the country Australia since 1910. (Tanner, R, 2016) Conclusion The bulla dairy foods have been one of the best dairy manufactures of Australia and it is the largest and the oldest producers of the dairy products with the best quality. The consumers decision making process have helped the company to analyze the best of what the customer wants and needs and also analyzing the buying decision of the customers. (Bulla, 2016) The company has adapted change, it has become more customer concerned as now a days people prefer the healthy and fat free intake so with the latest technologies have come up with the sugar free and no artificial colour and additives in their products manufactured. The decision making process of the customers have helped to analyze the buying decision of the product and has proved to be very helpful. The company also has analyzed the four factors and their impacts and have become more focused in the manufacturing and utilization of resources. The bulla dairy proudly makes dairy products and is well loved in Australia. Reference Bulla, 2016, the bulla story, viewed on 31st December 2016, https://www.bulla.com.au/#/the-bulla-story Bulla, 2016, vision and purpose, viewed on 31st December 2016, https://www.bullafoodservice.com.au/our-story/vision-purpose Bulla, n.d., bulla history, viewed on 31st December 2016, https://www.bullafoodservice.com.au/our-story/bulla-history Durmaz, Y, Rehyan, O, Mucahit, C, 2011, the impact of culture factors on the consumer buying behavior examined through an impirical study, international journal of business and social science, vol. 2, no. 5, p.p n.d. Tanner, R, 2016, motivation- applying Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, viewed on 31st December 2016, https://managementisajourney.com/motivation-applying-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory/

A Summary of Durkheims Division of Labor in Society

A Summary of Durkheim's 'Division of Labor in Society' French philosopher Emile Durkheims book The Division of Labor in Society (or De la Division du Travail Social) debuted in 1893. It was Durkheim’s first major published work, and it is the one in which he introduced the concept of anomie or the breakdown of the influence of social norms on individuals within a society. At the time, The Division of Labor in Society was influential in advancing sociological theories and thought. The Division of Labors Major Themes In the book, Durkheim discusses how the division of labor- the establishment of specified jobs for specific people- benefits society because it increases the reproductive capacity of a process and the skill set of the workmen. It also creates a feeling of solidarity among people who share those jobs. But, Durkheim says, the division of labor goes beyond economic interests: In the process, it also establishes social and moral order within a society. The division of labor can be effectuated only among members of an already constituted society, he argues. To Durkheim, the division of labor is in direct proportion to the moral density of a society. Density can happen in three ways: through an increase of the spatial concentration of people, through the growth of towns, or through an increase in the number and efficacy of the means of communication. When one or more of these things happen, says Durkheim, labor begins to become divided, and jobs become more specialized. At the same time, because tasks grow more complex, the struggle for meaningful existence becomes more strenuous. A major theme of the book is the difference between developing and advanced civilizations and how they perceive social solidarity. Another focus is how each type of society defines the role of law in resolving breaches in that social solidarity. Social Solidarity Durkheim argues that two kinds of social solidarity exist: mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity connects the individual to society without any intermediary. That is, society is organized collectively and all members of the group share the same set of tasks and core beliefs. What binds the individual to society is what Durkheim calls the collective consciousness, sometimes translated as conscience collective, meaning a shared belief system. With organic solidarity, on the other hand, society is more complex, a system of different functions united by definite relationships. Each individual must have a distinct job or task and a personality that is his own. Here, Durkheim was speaking specifically about men. Of women, the philosopher said: Today, among cultivated people, the woman leads a completely different existence from that of man. One might say that the two great functions of the psychic life are thus dissociated, that one of the sexes takes care of the effective functions and the other of intellectual functions. Framing individuals as men, Durkheim argued that individuality grows as parts of society grow more complex. Thus, society becomes more efficient at moving in sync, yet at the same time, each of its parts has more movements that are distinctly individual. According to Durkheim, the more primitive a society is, the more it is characterized by mechanical solidarity. The members of an agrarian society, for example, are more likely to resemble each other and share the same beliefs and morals. As societies become more advanced and civilized, the individual members of those societies become more distinguishable from one another. People are managers or laborers, philosophers or farmers. Solidarity becomes more organic as those societies develop their divisions of labor. The Role of Law Durkheim also discusses law extensively in this book. For him, the laws of a society are the most visible symbol of social solidarity and the organization of social life in its most precise and stable form. Law plays a part in a society that is analogous to the nervous system in organisms, according to Durkheim. The nervous system regulates various bodily functions so they work together in harmony. Likewise, the legal system regulates all the parts of society so that they work together in agreement. Two types of law are present in human societies and each corresponds to the type of social solidarity those societies use. Repressive law corresponds to the center of common consciousness and everyone participates in judging and punishing the perpetrator. The severity of a crime is not measured necessarily as the damage incurred to an individual victim, but rather gauged as the damage it caused the society or the social order as a whole. Punishments for crimes against the collective are typically harsh. Repressive law, says Durkheim, is practiced in mechanical forms of society. Restitutive Law as Restoration The second type of law is restitutive law, which instead focuses on the victim since there are no commonly shared beliefs about what damages society. Restitutive law corresponds to the organic state of society and works through the more specialized bodies of society, such as the courts and lawyers. This also means that repressive law and restitutory law vary directly with the degree of a society’s development. Durkheim believed that repressive law is common in primitive, or mechanical, societies where sanctions for crimes are typically made and agreed upon by the whole community. In these lower societies, crimes against the individual do occur, but in terms of seriousness, those are placed on the lower end of the penal ladder. Crimes against the community take priority in such societies, according to Durkheim, because the evolution of the collective conscious is widespread and strong while the division of labor has not yet happened. The more a society becomes civilized and the division of labor is introduced, the more restitutory law takes place. Historical Context Durkheim wrote his book at the height of the industrial age. Then, how people fit into Frances new social order surfaced as a principal source of trouble for the rapidly industrial society. The pre-industrial social groups comprised family and neighbors, but as the Industrial Revolution continued, people found new cohorts at their jobs, creating new social groups with coworkers. Dividing society into small labor-defined groups, says Durkheim, required an increasingly centralized authority to regulate relations between the different groups. As a visible extension of that state, law codes needed to evolve as well, to maintain the orderly operation of social relations by conciliation and civil law rather than by penal sanctions. Durkheim based his discussion of organic solidarity on a dispute he had with Herbert Spencer, who claimed that industrial solidarity is spontaneous and that there is no need for a coercive body to create or maintain it. Spencer believed that social harmony is simply established by itself, an idea with which Durkheim disagreed. Much of this book, then, involves Durkheim arguing with Spencer’s stance and pleading his own views on the topic. Criticism Durkheims primary objective was to evaluate the social changes related to industrialization and to better understand its ills. But British legal philosopher Michael Clarke argues that Durkheim fell short by lumping a variety of societies into two groups: industrialized and non-industrialized. Durkheim didnt see or acknowledge the wide range of non-industrialized societies, instead imagining industrialization as the historical watershed that separated goats from sheep. American scholar Eliot Freidson pointed out that theories about industrialization tend to define labor in terms of the material world of technology and production. Freidson says that such divisions are created by an administrative authority without consideration of the social interaction of its participants. American sociologist Robert Merton noted that as a positivist, Durkheim adopted the methods and criteria of the physical sciences to examine the social laws that arose during industrialization. But physical sciences, rooted in nature, simply cant explain the laws that have arisen from mechanization. The Division of Labor also has a gender problem, according to American sociologist Jennifer Lehman. She argued that Durkheims book contains sexist contradictions. Durkheim conceptualizes individuals as men but women as separate and non-social beings. By using this framework, the philosopher entirely missed out on the role of women have played in both industrial and pre-industrial societies. Sources Clarke, Michael. Durkheims Sociology of Law. British Journal of Law and Society 3.2 (1976): 246–55. Print.Durkheim, Emile. On the Division of Labor in Society. Trans. Simpson, George. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1933. Print.Freidson, Eliot. The Division of Labor as Social Interaction. Social Problems 23.3 (1976): 304–13. Print.Gehlke, C. E. Rev. . Columbia Law Review 35.4 (1935): 643–44. Print.of On the Division of Labor in Society, Emile Durkheim, George SimpsonJones, Robert Alun. Ambivalent Cartesians: Durkheim, Montesquieu, and Method. American Journal of Sociology 100.1 (1994): 1–39. Print.Kemper, Theodore D. The Division of Labor: A Post–Durkheimian Analytical View. American Sociological Review 37.6 (1972): 739–53. Print.Lehmann, Jennifer M. Durkheims Theories of Deviance and Suicide: A Feminist Reconsideration. American Journal of Sociology 100.4 (1995): 904–30. Print.Merton, Robert K. Durkheims Division of Labor in Society. American Journal of Sociology 40.3 (1934): 319–28. Print.

Preparing plagiarism-free essay review

Preparing plagiarism-free essay review Essay review It is very interesting to produce an essay review. Besides, this assignment is not complicate at all. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to follow particular rules to write an exclusive paper and format it properly. Down below, you will find useful tips on preparing great reviews. If you follow them, you will know which approach to use to analyze the issue in detail. Writing a review means describing events that take place in a book or movie. It is understandable that you read different books. Some of them are fascinating, others are so boring. Therefore, when preparing a review, you need to express your feelings about the chosen story. If you want to produce a paper of top quality, you should read the selected literary composition attentively. By the way, you should make some notes in order not miss major details. You may also use a good book review to understand how the analysis should be performed. Pay attention to the following directions to write your paper step by step: General Points Before you begin preparing your work, you should bear in mind that it is very important to format it in the right manner. Therefore, you need to write a clear and informative introductory paragraph. After that, you should provide key details about the discussed book. Remember that your review essay should underline relevant facts about the described events. It does not matter whether you agree with the authors style of presenting information or not. Your task is to provide readers with useful material on the examined story. Making a Summary Note that it is a fundamental section of your movie review essay or another type of paper. It is essential to describe the events happening in a film or book precisely. Writers use different methods for preparing summaries. Thus, you should adopt the one that seems effective to you. When the movie is watched, you need to make its brief summary. It is necessary to admit that it is not difficult. However, you should write it in good language and use expressions and word combinations in their proper meaning. Your task is to make a comprehensive summary, so that readers can understand everything well. Presenting Your Viewpoint It is of great importance to express your opinion about the analyzed matter clearly. If you want to see how to do it in a proper manner, draw your attention to a good review essay example. Note that your thoughts should be expressed logically. You need to explain properly whether a particular book is worth reading or not. As a result, users will decide whether to read a book or not. Below, there are useful tips on how to write a review essay and share your opinion about the analyzed work:Present undeniable facts to prove your opinion Read the book carefully to write a detailed reviewThe clear guidelines given above will help you produce an essay review of superior quality. Before submitting the paper, make sure it is original. Free Essay Review

CIS 599 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CIS 599 - Assignment Example The CIO days as the principal manager are long gone. Currently, both the IT manager and CIO need to be productive business leaders who are conversant with technology. Grasping the strategically aligned organization framework and applying its ideas will assist in releasing the management’s full potential as leaders (Lane, 2011). On covering people, the author’s contributors stress on the relevance of recruiting and collaboration supported by some great notions on talent management and employee development. The chapter on people also contains a vast amount of detail on the CIO role in each section as well as the career needs of the CIO (Lane, 2011). The book brilliantly handles the technology part by focusing on how better to handle the technology folder. Strategies such as assessing an organization IT portfolio effectiveness using on-budget and on-time percentages of projects to correspond with the needs to the actual functionality could be effective performance strategies. Other more efficient implementations of IT portfolio management is to assist the organization to prioritize IT projects so that fewer assets could be managed guaranteeing IT’s placement with maximizing IT investment and business priorities. In terms of compliance, the IT professionals need to be conscious of the compliance need with many different kinds of laws. Definite rules have to be used, and they may need supervisory reporting to agencies that control such compliance. There are different company policies necessary so as to heighten the effectiveness of the company profit making efforts. The book states that in the CIO world there is nothing more important than project quality. If one identifies himself or herself as a quality fanatic, they should put CIO weight behind project quality and adopt some simple strategies that project leaders, quality leaders, PMO, and business partners will gain

State of confusion paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

State of confusion - Research Paper Example She intends to file suit against Confusion in order to overturn the statute. The Court with Relevant Jurisdiction Since the case involves the State of Confusion and Tanya, a trucker from the state of Denial, it is a matter that encompasses interstate relations and thus cannot be entertained either in a state court of Confusion or in a Denial court. The most relevant court to preside over this case is the federal district court of the judicial district within which lie the two states. This is because federal district courts in the United States have jurisdiction over civil petitions and can issue injunctions on the application of statutes whose constitutionality is in question. Additionally, federal district courts are trial courts with authority on matters of law and questions of fact presented by residents of the judicial district. The Main Issues The case in question seeks the determination of the court as regards the constitutionality of a statutory law enacted by the state of con fusion requiring trucks plying its highways to install B-Type truck hitch or bypass the state rather than going through it. Of specific interest for the court is the need to find whether the statute contravenes Article IV of the US Constitution, which entitles all US citizens to equal privileges and immunities of citizens across the USA states. Secondly, the court will establish whether the requirements of this statute is discriminatory against out- of- state citizens and further infringes the Fourteenth Amendment right of all citizens to enjoy the immunities and privileges enjoyed by citizens of the several states. The third significant issue to determine in this is the extent to which the provisions of this clause burden interstate commerce, which violates the provisions of Commerce Clause (Article 1, Se 8, and Clause 3 of the US Constitution). In this regard, the court will find if the State of Confusion abrogated Congressional powers by making a law that regulates commerce on th e nation’s highways to the extent that it limits interstate commerce. Relevant law In deciding the constitutionality of the statute beforehand, the court will apply various sections of the US Constitution. Most notably, Constitutional provisions relating to regulation of interstate commerce, interstate movement of American citizens and the freedom of movement as envisioned in the Bill of rights will be applicable. The rules outlined in the Commerce Clause and the law covering the privileges and immunities guaranteed to all American citizens under Article IV of the US Constitution will apply (Guminski, 2009). Analysis of the case In the issue of Tanya truckers v. State of Confusion, the court should uphold the state of Confusion’s right to pass any legislation relating to the safety of those using its highways. However, such legislations must not be discriminatory on out of state citizens, which entail considering that the interest of out of state truckers who frequentl y use its highways. Since only one manufacturer in Confusion makes the specific B-type hitch, it is reasonably arguable that out of state truckers have limited access to the hitch and may find it very burdening to install the hitch on their trucks. This makes the statute discriminatory on out of state truckers who may not have installed the hitch for various credible reasons. In addition, the statute requires that all

Power Factor Correction Using Boost Converter Technique Engineering Essay

Power Factor Correction Using Boost Converter Technique Engineering Essay This paper researches a design a single phase rectifier with improved power factor by using the boost converter technique. This paper presents the use of boost converter technique can improve the power factor. By designing the needs of the techniques, the overall Power Factor (PF) would be improved to the expectation. The low power factor is caused by non-linearity of the input current. Boost converter is one of method of re-shaping the input waveform to be same pattern with the sinusoidal input voltage. The connected controls that act as a Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuit. The results were compared without PFC and passive PFC and active PFC. Finally the simulation results are shown to verify the performance of this modified the PFC. Keywords : rectifier , boost converter , active PFC , passive PFC , power factor correction (PFC) , power factor Introduction In most electrical and electronic power supplies, the AC input is rectified is connected directly after the diode rectifier bridge. The AC mains are common and extended source of energy. DC power supply is needed for operation of electronic equipments such as in computers, televisions, monitors and others. A simple circuit consisting of diode rectifiers and bulk capacitor can possible to obtain DC voltage. The problem of the input circuit, the high harmonic distortions on the line and excessive peak input currents are produced and the result of power factor in the system is poor. [1] In order to improve these problems, many power factor corrections of ac dc converters are presented to achieve high power factor and low harmonics distortion by modifying the input stage of the diode rectifier and the filter capacitor circuit. Power factor is defined as the ratio of the real power (P) to the apparent power (S) or cosine for pure sine wave for both current and voltage that represent s the phase angle between the current and voltage waveform. Figure 1.0a shows the power factor triangle.[2] Power factor is measure how efficiently electrical power is consumed. The power factor can vary between 0 to 1. It can be either lagging (inductive) or leading (capacitive). The poor power factor result in reduced efficiency which increases cost electricity.[2] Many utilities companies call upon penalties for the low power factor. When a converter has less than unity power factor, it means that the converter absorbs apparent power that is higher the active power it consumes. A higher VA rating than the load needed from the power source should be rated. Figure 1.0a: Power factor triangle The boost converter most widely used topology for achieving power factor correction. The figure shows the PFC boost converter circuit. [3] The process of reshaping the input current is done by boost converter. The bulk energy storage capacitor sits on the output side of the boost converter rather than just after the diode bridge. The control circuit for this project used low-cost components and satisfactory results. Figure 1.0b: relationship of Ac input voltage and current Figure 1.0b is show the waveform of relationship between Ac input voltage and current. The waveform is due the purely resistive non linear load. SYSTEM DESRIPTION A single phase rectifier with boost converter is shown in figure 1. Boost converter is used for reshaping input current. Figure 1.1a: Boost PFC converter Figure 1.1b: Voltages and currents waveforms Figure 1.1a and 1.1b shows that the basic configuration of rectifier that uses Boost converter technique as PFC with its respective voltages and currents. The input current would be highly non-linear for rectifier without PFC. It happened when the capacitor is having large value. [4] The boost converter involves a switch, a diode, an inductor and a capacitor. The switch and diode are depending on the voltage and current stress that they must handle for all the possible operating conditions. The boost converter also called step up converter which is the output voltage always greater than the input voltage. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION Power factor correction (PFC) is one of the methods to improve the low power factor of a system by using suitable devices. There are two type of the PFC namely the passive and active power factor correction. The aim of the power factor correction circuits is to make the input of the power supply behave like purely resistive or a resistor.[4,5] By using the passive PFC, it can achieve the objective of the low power factor applications. The addition of a filter inductor which is connected to the series with the input circuit, the passive elements is introduced to improve the line current. This passive element will increased to a value of 0.7 approximately. The achievement is degraded with the smaller values of inductance. The passive PFC is more suitable at lower power levels. The active power factor correction results are more suitable option for achieving the nearest unity power factor and the sinusoidal input current waveform. The active PFC design functions by controlling the input current in order to make the current waveform behave like the supply voltage. A converter and switching frequencies higher than the AC line frequency is added between the output of the diode bridge rectifier and the bulk capacitor in the active power factor correction. NON ISOLATED ISOLATED BOOST/BUCK, BUCK+BOOST PWM RECTIFIER FLYBACK FORWARD PWM RECTIFIER HIGH FREQUENCY LOW FREQUENCY P.W.M RESONANT Singe phase OFFLINE PDC circuit ACTIVE PFC PASSIVE PFC Figure 1.2: singe phase offline PFC topologies. PASSIVE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION The AC-DC converter comprises of a full bridge rectifier followed by a large filter capacitor for the input stage. The input current for the rectifier circuit comprises of the largest discontinuous peak current pulses. The high distortion of the input current occurs due to the diode rectifier conduct for the short period.[7] By using this passive power factor correction, the value of the power factor can be increased of the 0.7 approximately. Increasing power factor due to the idea of passive PFC which is to filter out the harmonic currents by using low pass filter. Thus, this passive power factor correction has the following main advantages and disadvantages: Advantages à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ it has a simple structure, it is reliable and rugged. The cost was very low and the high frequency switching losses are not sensitive to noises. Disadvantages à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ it create harmonic, it has poor power factor, it produces high losses and it reduces power maximum power capability from the load. In the passive PFC, the use of the inductor in the input circuit is simply used. . ACTIVE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION An active PFC is a power electronic device designed to control the amount of power drawn by a load and obtain a power factor as close as possible to unity. In an active PFC, the function was by controlling the input current and make the current behave like supply voltage. There are two classes of the active PFC solutions which are the low frequency and the high frequency active power factor correction. METHODOLOGY The simulation process is carried out by using PSIM software. The PSIM simulation model for overall system is shown in figure 2.0. The simulation circuit can be divided to three sections which are the main source (input), the PFC (rectifier) and the load (output). Figure 2.0: PSIM simulation model for overall system The software simulation process is divided into three steps which are non linear load, passive PFC and active PFC (boost converter). Start Without PFC. Simulation process using PSIM With PFC by using active filter (boost converter) With PFC by using passive PFC 1 2 3 Figure 2.1: flowchart of the simulation process First, a non-linear load without PFC is simulated for proof of concept using PFC. Figure 2.1.1 shows the flowchart of the process of the first simulation step. 1 Circuit modeling Connect a non linear load Desired result End Yes No Circuit simulation Figure 2.2: flowchart without PFC circuit In the next step, passive PFC is added in the circuit. The passive PFC which is additional to the diode bridge rectifier. The passive elements are introduced to improve the nature of line current. As the voltage increases, the sizes of PFC components increase too. Figure 2.1.2 shows the flowchart of the process of the second simulation step. 2 Circuit modeling Connect a non linear load Add passive element to the circuit Desired result End Yes No Circuit simulation Desired result End Yes No Circuit simulation 3 Circuit modeling Connect a non linear load Add boost converter after bridge diode in the circuit Add control circuit Figure 2.1.2 : flowchart for third simulation Figure 2.1.2: flowchart for second simulation In the third step, an active PFC replaced the passive PFC. The boost converter is added in this circuit. An active PFC can control the amount of power drawn by a load and obtains the power factor as close as possible to unity. Then the control circuit also added to the boost converter. Mosfet is used in the boost converter circuit which is a switching. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Without Power Factor Correction For the non linear load which is the circuit without the PFC , the power factor is low compares to the the using of power factor correction. From the waveforms , as we can see the power factor is 0.6 from 0.1 seconds onwards. The shape of input current is not likely the the shape of input voltage. It it because there are some disturbance happened in system. Figure 3.1 : without PFC Figure 3.2 : PF , Vin and Iin waveforms With Passive Power Factor The first step of the simulation is designed for non linear load. In the next step, a passive element which is the inductor is added to improve the nature of the line current. From these figure, the power factor increased to 0.7. The shape of input current also not behave like the input voltage. But it was better compare to using without PFC. Figure 3.3: Passive Power Factor Correction Figure 3.4: PF, Vin and Iin waveforms With Active Power Factor Correction by using Boost Converter In this step, the boost converter replaced the passive element which is using the Mosfet as the switch. Through the simulation, the power factor is improved to 0.9 from 0.1 seconds onwards. The process of reshaping the input current happened. The shape of input current also likely of the shape input voltage. From this simulation, by using the boost converter is obtained to get the power factor as close as possible to unity. The main of AC input voltage is rectified to the boost converter that mainly consisting of an inductor, Mosfet, a power diode, and a bulk capacitor. The boost converter is one of the high switching frequency topologies. Figure 3.5: PF, input current and input voltage waveforms Types Power factor Without PFC 0.6 Passive PFC 0.7 Acvtive PFC 0.9 Table 1: the value of power factor from simulation The table 1 shows that the power factor increase from 0.6 to 0.9. We get these values from the simulation of the three circuits. The rectifier with power factor correction was developed to realize the performance of this project. The power factor improvement by using active PFC was get good result compare to using passive filter. It is because the active PFC is more complex than passive PFC. the power factor correction makes the load look likely resistive element compare to a nonlinear load one without PFC. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the simulation results matched to the theories involved. This paper presents a research about power factor improvement by using power factor correction. The use of the power factor correction is to improve the low power factor and to make the input of power supply behave like to the purely resistive. The PFC circuitry that the controls the Boost converter is having the limitation when the loads current are smaller. The circuit will avoid the AC current to flow exceeding to the load demand. From the simulation results , the power factor is almost unity and purely sinusoidal input current followed the input voltage. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to sincere thank you to my supervisor PM Pauziah bt Mohd Arsad , deparment of Electrical Engineering , UiTM Shah Alam for providing me the necessary guidance to carry out this project. I would like to take this opportunity to thank her for her constant support and guiding me throughout my work. Besides, I also would like to sincere thanks to my parents because always support me. Then thanks to all my friends who are help me during my project was running.

Pschological assessment Essay

Section A Write an essay on the process you would follow in developing a psychological assessment measure. Discuss the steps that you would take in this process, including how you would choose items for your test, how you would evaluate the reliability and validity of your test, and the issue of establishing norms. Discuss the theory comprehensively and illustrate your understanding with an example or examples. Introduction The process of developing a psychological test is a complex and lengthy one. ( Foxcroft & Roodt, 2001) but aspects related to the planning of a psychological test are not always sufficiently emphasised and sometimes not mentioned at all ( Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 1997). When the test is to be used in a multicultural context, attention needs to be paid to the cultural relevance (and potential bias) of the test right from the planning and design phase instead of only being sensitive to cultural aspects from the item writing phase onwards. Also given that we do not have a long history of developing culturally appropriate tests applicable to diverse groups in South Africa, test developers need to grapple with basic issues such as what methods of test administration might be appropriate or inappropriate for certain cultural groups and what language to develop the test in, for example. More time needs to be spent in the planning phase exploring and critically considering test design issues. Planning phase The first and most important step in developing psychological measures is the planning phase. Planning involves writing out the skeleton of what one aims to achieve. Careful though needs to go into deciding on the aim of the measure, defining the content of the measure and key elements of the test plan. a test plan consists of the following aspects: (a) specifying the purpose and rationale for the test as well as the intended target population, (b) defining the construct (content domain) and creating a set of test specifications to guide item writing, (c) choosing the test format, (d) choosing the item format, and (e) specifying the administration and scoring methods (Robertson, 1990). Specifying the aim of the measure The first step is to state the aim of the measure, the construct I will use and how the outcome will be used. If I am conducting this study in South Africa I will also need to mention that the measure will be used in a multicultural society. I would need to elaborate on what I mean by multicultural by highlighting the context. I would state the age of the test takers and their educational status. The information concluded above is important because it may have an impact on the test specifications and design. I would need to state whether the test would be paper-based or computer-based. When that decision is made I would need to consider whether the test-takers are familiar with such tests. The test takers may underperform on the evaluation because they are not proficient in the instrument of measure. This may impact the validity of the study to be conducted. I would also need to ascertain whether the test will be administered individually or in a group setting. Because psychological constructs are brewed in western societies, the emphasis is on individualism. When working in a multicultural society, however, it is important to consider the norms of the society I would be working in. In some cultures, for example, the group identity is valued over the individual identity. This could have an effect on the content of the measure. Defining the content of the measure Here I need to figure out what I want to measure and why. This will show me what to focus on during the other steps. A working definition of the construct is needed. This includes identifying exactly what I aim to get out of this research study. To do this I need to embark on a comprehensive literature review. I will see how my topic has been investigated in the past and spot the gaps. I can now make the decision on whether I am conducting a new study or adapting an existing study into the South African context. Later I will need to make the same decision on the instrument I will use for data gathering. Since I would be working in South Africa, I need to decide on whether separate norms should be developed for test takers from advantaged and disadvantaged schooling backgrounds and/or for urban and rural areas. I would assemble a team of content, language and cultural experts to scrutinise the content being developed. Nell (1994) states that  language is a critical moderator variable of test performance. If the test taker is not proficient in that language, it is difficult to ascertain whether poor performance is due to language or communication difficulty or that the test-taker has a low level of the construct being measured. I would produce the test in a bilingual format and specify the source language. Work would need to be done to ensure that the construct is meaningful for each group. Developing the test plan (specifications) Once the construct to be assessed has been defined and operationalised, a decision needs to be reached regarding what approach will be employed to guide the development of the test content and specifications. Decisions will be made regarding the format to be used (open-ended items, forced-choice items etc.), how they will be scored (objective or subjective tests), and whether time limits will be imposed. The language and cultural experts are once again needed during this step. Sometimes psychological constructs, conceptualised in western society, do not have a known equivalent in African discourse. For such constructs the translated version would need to explain the construct in a way that is closest to the English meaning. This will require more time for the African language test taker. The test specification should eliminate the possibility of construct bias. The format therefore needs to be standardised for a variety of cultural groups or it should at least include items that will be considered easy, moderate and difficult by all groups. Although these steps follow after each other, I will need to go backwards and forwards to ensure content and construct validity. Item writing The second step is item writing. Once the test specifications have been finalised, the team of experts writes or develops the items. The trend in South Africa has been to simply adapt an already made test to accommodate South African test takers. This is not necessarily the easier option. Firstly, concepts are not always understood in the same way in different societies. For example, the term depression is sometimes taken to mean with  very sad in some societies. It is therefore important to ensure construct validity even for an English test given to English mother tongue speakers of a different society to that of the tests’ origin. If the assessment measure will be administered to children, face validity will be ensured through the use of big writing, use of colour and drawings. The length of the items should also be considered. With every step of items writing reliability is ensured. Reviewing the items An item bank is then developed and items reviewed in terms of whether they meet the content specification and whether they are well written. Items which do not meet the specifications are removed from the bank before it can be used to generate criteria-referenced tests. The team of experts should focus on both content validity and indicate whether the items are from stereotyping and potential bias. The experts will then return the item list with recommendations. They will need to be re-written or revised. Assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure Items need to be arranged in a logical way. Since we are dealing with a multicultural society, we need to ensure that the items are balanced and on appropriate pages. The length of the items in each category needs to be finalised. For long problems based items, time adjustments need to be made. A decision would have been made with regards to whether the test is paper-based or computer-based. The appropriate apparatus needs to be made available. The  Pre-testing the experimental version of the measure The test items have to be administered to a large group of examinees. This sample should be representative of the population for which the eventual test is intended. This will be the norm group. Items analysis phase During this phase items are checked for relevance. Again we see if each item is reliable and valid to the study. The characteristics of the items can be evaluated using the classical test theory or the item response theory. At the item level, the CTT model is relatively simple. CTT does not invoke a complex theoretical model to relate an examinee’s ability to success on a particular item. Instead, CTT collectively considers a pool of examinees and empirically examines their success rate on an item (assuming it is dichotomously scored). This success rate of a particular pool of examinees on an item, well known as the p value of the item, is used as the index for the item difficulty (actually, it is an inverse indicator of item difficulty, with higher value indicating an easier item). The ability of an item to discriminate between higher ability examinees and lower ability examinees is known as item discrimination, which is often expressed statistically as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between the scores on the item (e.g., 0 and 1 on an item scored right-wrong) and the scores on the total test. When an item is dichotomously scored, this estimate is often computed as a point-biserial correlation coefficient. IRT, on the other hand, is more theory grounded and models the probabilistic distribution of examinees’ success at the item level. As its name indicates, IRT primarily focuses on the item-level information in contrast to the CTT’s primary focus on test-level information. The IRT framework encompasses a group of models, and the applicability of each model in a particular situation depends on the nature of the test items and the viability of different theoretical assumptions about the test items. Revising and standardizing the final version of the measure Once the qualitative and quantitative information has been gathered, the test is administered to the large sample for standardization. All the items that were found to be unclear are simplified. Vocabulary and grammar is corrected. Split-half reliability is assessed. The translated version is checked through back translation (into the source language). The items are finalised for the test. The final database is used to check on reliability  and validity. The administration and scoring instruction may need to be modified. Then the final version is administered. Technical evaluation and establishing norms The items can be analysed using the item response theory. The characteristics of each item may be represented graphically be means of a graph which relates an individuals’ ability score with their probability of passing the items. Items with large variances are selected. The scores obtained by the norm group in the final test form are referred to as the norms of the test. To compare an individual’s score with the norms, their raw score will be converted to the same kind of derived score as that in which the test norms are reported (e.g. percentile ranks, McCall’s T scores etc). Publishing and ongoing refinements A test manual is compiled before a measure published. The manual should make information on the psychometric properties of the test easily understandable. It will be updated from time to time as more information becomes available. Section B List the steps that should be followed in the adaption of an assessment measure for cross-cultural application and briefly explain what each step means. 1. Reasons for adapting measures  Cross-cultural assessment has become a sensitive issue due to specific concerns regarding the use of standardized tests across cultures. By adapting an instrument, the researcher is able to compare the already-existing data with newly acquired data, thus allowing for cross-cultural studies both on the national and international level. Adaptations also can conserve time and expenses (Hambleton, 1993). Test adaptation can lead to increased fairness in assessment by allowing individuals to be assessed in the language of their choice (Hambleton & Kanjee, 1995). 2. Important considerations when adapting measures The test can be compromised if there are problems between the test takers and the administrator. The administrator should therefore familiar with the culture of the test-taker. They cannot take it for granted that the test taker will be exposed to the format of the test. This could lead to the score representing a lack of skill with regards to the format of the test instead of measuring the construct being assessed. Some languages, like isiZulu, require more time to be spent reading therefore would require more time to complete. 3. Designs for adapting measures Before selecting an assessment instrument for use in counseling or research, counselors and researchers are trained to verify that the test is appropriate for use with their population. This includes investigation of validity, reliability, and appropriate norm groups to which the population is to be compared. Validity and reliability take on additional dimensions in cross-cultural testing as does the question of the appropriate norm group. The instrument must be validly adapted, the test items must have conceptual and linguistic equivalence, and the test and the test items must be bias free (Fouad, 1993; Geisinger, 1994). Two basic methods for test adaptation have been identified: forward translation and back-translation. In forward translation, the original test in the source language is translated into the target language and then bilinguals are asked to compare the original version with the adapted version (Hambleton, 1993; 1994). In back-translation, the test is translated into the target language and then it is re-translated back to the source language. This process can be repeated several times. Once the process is complete, the final back-translated version is compared to the original version (Hambleton, 1994). Each of these adaptation processes has their strengths and limitations. 4. Bias analysis and differential item functioning Another issue that must be considered in cross-cultural assessment is test bias. The test user must ascertain that the test and the test items do not systematically discriminate against one cultural group or another. Test bias  may occur when the contents of the test are more familiar to one group than to another or when the tests have differential predictive validity across groups (Fouad, 1994). Culture plays a significant role in cross-cultural assessment. Whenever tests developed in one culture are used with another culture there is the potential for misinterpretation and stagnation unless cultural issues are considered. Issues of test adaptation, test equivalence and test bias must be considered in order to fully utilize the benefit of cross-cultural assessment. 5. Steps for maximizing success in test adaption Hembleton (2004) summarised nine key steps that should be addressed when adapting or translating assessment instruments. 6. Challenges related to test adaption in south Africa A disadvantage of adaptation includes the risk of imposing conclusions based on concepts that exist in one culture but may not exist in the other. There are no guarantees that the concept in the source culture exists in the target culture (Lonner & Berry, 1986). Another disadvantage of adapting existing tests for use in another culture is that if certain constructs measured in the original version are not found in the target population, or if the construct is manifested in a different manner, the resulting scores can prove to be misleading (Hambleton, 1994). Despite the difficulties associated with using adapted instruments, this practice is important because it allows for greater generalizability and allows for investigation of differences among a growing diverse population. Once the test has been adapted, test equivalence must be determined. Reference Foxcroft, C.D. & Roodt, G. (2009). An introduction to psychological assessment in South Africa. Johannesburg: Oxford University Press Hambleton, R. K. (2001). The next generation of the ITC Test Translation and Adaptation Guidelines. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 164-172. Hambleton, R. K. (2004). Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. In R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment (pp. 3-38). Mahwah,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Van Ede, D.M. (1996). How to adapt a measuring instrument for use with various cultural groups: a practical step-by-step introduction. South African Journal of Higher Education, 10, 153-160.

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne After all, the youthful lady accepts the help of a witch rather than seeking a reverend. Lots of people who had nevuss were thought to be enchantresss. Lots of people who had birthmarks were thought to be witches. Atwood notices that they tend to not think quite like this (1). For people who believe themselves to be good are not and those who don't are. Aylmer attempts to take out the mark severally but fails. Aylmer is the sole person who isn't able to locate the beauty within it. Top Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Secrets Everything in the essay has to be directly regarding the central idea and have to add to the reader's understanding of that central idea. Fortunately, you've come to the correct place to discover the greatest remedy to every single academic writing problem that you're currently facing with your essay. Both of these viewpoints ap proach exactly the same block of text very differently. From a feminist perspective. One of the chief characters, Aylmer, is an instance of the fighter of advantage of the precise science over something which must not be proved or explored. A theme is understood to be the major notion of a story. There can, naturally, be more than 1 theme. But What About Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne? There's a chance that The Black Cat might be the narrative of hanged slave, together with being the story of a hanged cat. This is certainly the case in The Scarlet Letter. As the story carries on, she starts to form her own identity. The story as such isn't complicated. The stories help people see that the demand for happiness is vital, but that actually achieving that happiness in actual life is significantly more difficult to obtain unless one actively pursues it. Throughout both stories, sin is the important theme. Now he can live the life he's dreamed of living. He wasn't truly eager to sacrifice the life span of science not even for the love of this gorgeous woman. Here's What I Know About Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Atwood and Hawthorne figure out how to express common themes whatever the differences between their stories. Literature may also be incredibly ambiguous. The characters that Nathaniel Hawthorne writes about within this story are on the other side of the nice and evil idealism. He was born in the beginning of the 19th century in America. The New Angle On Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Just Released Aylmer is evidently in the use of master within this narrative. Likewis e the themes which were explored by Hawthorne also played a crucial part in his work. There are a lot of different topics that you could present on this specific material. It is sometimes a fat organic structure. It is believed to be his magnum composition. You have to find out what others have done on the exact same material. The Hidden Facts About Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Your work cited page is going to have no less than 6 distinct sources. You don't have to fret about your personal details that may be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. The site arranges this work in respect to their date of writing and groups in such a manner that the audience has the ability to follow on the site arrangement of this work. We offer flexible system of discounts, but in addition our discount policy which allows you to conserve money on ordering essays at one time. Working with poisons, Dr. Rappaccini does not consider the consequences for the other individuals, the ideal world based on the essentials of science is the sole goal (Daly 26). The main purpose of the scientists depicted in Rappaccini's Daughter and The Birthmark is to create the world perfect with the aid of their great wisdom and practice that is the reason why there aren't any barriers for them at the path to the scientifically perfect Earth, and Hawthorne accentuates the notion that perfectness is impossible. This means you can't utilize sources on the Internet. Whereas there are primary sources which are available that may be used to explore historical facts, there are a few cases whereby these materials are limited in their explanation in the feeling they contain limited information that can enable the reader to comprehend the past history. Aminadab is an ideal example who doesn't have an urge to turn into perfect (Hawthorne 424). Hawthorne employs the evolution of event s in various settings to convey the meanings of his symbols also. Aylmer attempts to emit the pure world to an extent where he would like to create his perfect reality. Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne - the Conspiracy Everyone has a minumum of one flaw and it's fine to have flaws. The hand may also be regarded as the hand of god. These sins along with defects stands between mankind by the real creatures within nirvana in addition to might simply wind up being cleared during passing away. Her birthmark also demonstrates the ability of nature for the reason that it captivates and intoxicates almost everybody who sees it.

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