Is Singapore a Nation?

When you think of Singapore, you will think of the myriad of international awards and global benchmark this city-state has achieved within its first 50 years of independence. It is commendable – her success that is. Having attained self-governance in 1959 and subsequently independence in 1965, her economic miracle in the decades to come is deserving of being looked upon as an economic model of success. Her emergence came as a shock as she was expelled from Malaysia in 1965 due to clashing political ideologies, and nobody knew what to expect. The emergence of the imperiled Singapore brewed much uncertainty and anxiety in a â€Å"Chinese land in the sea of Malays† environment. Certainly though, Singapore has come so far into being what she is today. As we slowly transit into a new political era and hand over the political reins to fresher and younger batch of Singapore's fourth-generation leaders, it is worth to stop and reflect. Having gone through 50 years of independence, can it be truly said that Singapore is a nation? Has she become a nation, or is she still in the process of nation-building; a nation-in-progress? This essay will discuss at large with regards to where Singapore stands in this issue. Before proceeding any further, it is crucial to unpack the term nation.Defining the term ‘nation'Nation has never had a concrete definition owing to its broad and complex nature. Scholars, nonetheless, have attempted to define the term nation for pragmatic purposes. As argued by Dawisha Adeed, nation is a form of identity. That individuals identify with their nations the same way they identify with other forms of collective identity. Rupert Emerson also argued that nation is a socio-cultural concept than a political concept. It is the sense of belonging to a community who share the same heritage, and the same future. It is thus agreeable that nation is essentially a sense of belonging to a country. A sense of pride, and a measure of a person's loyalty to a country. In the words of Benedict Anderson, nation is â€Å"an imagined political community† because members may not know most of their fellow members, yet â€Å"in the minds of each lives the image of their communion†. In this regard, it is in my interest to highlight the difference between a state and a nation. As brought up earlier, Singapore is not a nation as of yet on the grounds that Singaporeans do not feel as intense a sense of belonging to Singapore.

Disadvantages of socio medical model

Do biomedical models of Illness make for good healthcare systems? Introduction Cultural and professional models of illness Influence declslons on Individual patients and delivery of health care. The biomedical model of illness, which has dominated health care for the past century, cannot fully explain many forms of illness. This failure stems partly from three assumptions: all illness has a single underlying cause, disease (pathology) is always the single cause, and removal or attenuation of the disease will result In a return to health.Evidence exists that all three assumptions are wrong. We describe the problems with current models and describe a new model, derived from the World Health Organization's international classification of functioning framework. 1 2 that provides a more comprehensive. less biologically dependent account of illness. Importance of models for understanding illness The model of illness adopted by society can have important consequences.In the first world war, for example, soldiers complaining of symptoms after experiencing evere stresses were sometimes shot as malingerers, but today they are considered victims and eligible for financial settlements Social acceptance that a behaviour or reported symptom constitutes an Illness bestows privileges on an Individual and formal duties on society. 3 Currently, most models of illness assume a causal relation between disease and illness†the perceived condition of poor health felt by an individual.Cultural health beliefs and models of illness help determine the perceived importance of symptoms nd the subsequent use of medical resources. 4 The assumption that a specific disease underlies all Illness has led to medicalization of commonly experienced anomalous sensations and often disbelief of patients who present with illness without any demonstrable disease process. Current models of illness Despite their importance, models of illness are rarely explicitly discussed or defined. The often crlt lclsed but nevertheless dominant 20th ton disadvantages of socio medical model BY tool 9586Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems? Cultural and professional models of illness influence decisions on individual patients disease will result in a return to health. Evidence exists that all three assumptions functioning framework, 1 2 that provides a more comprehensive, less biologically reported symptom constitutes an illness bestows privileges on an individual and disease underlies all illness has led to medicalization of commonly experienced The often criticised but nevertheless dominant 20th

Advertisement Mock-Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertisement Mock-Up - Essay Example Her award as the best intern at Martina Company backs up work experience, where she gained all round, multi-level integrated service capabilities. In her role, she aims to target medium level companies and establishments with external sourcing for financial services. With her qualifications, she aims to establish herself as an asset to her company since she is knowledgeable in several fields. These include tax preparation, quarterly taxes, payrolls, financial statements, financial planning, electronic filling of state and federal tax forms, bookkeeping, and accounting. Internal employees for most companies handle these areas, and she would aim to make herself visible as an independent accountant to her clients. Her clients in her internship companies were fulsome in their praise for her services with Crumbs Restaurant praising her strict timetable, and punctual filling of returns. Her work with Riverbed Insurance Company was recognized with their merit award for exemplary employees a s an intern that saw her given added responsibilities. She thrives under deadlines and crash programmes, and should she fulfil your HR criteria she would be a priceless addition to your company. During the design of the advert, some vital factors were considered. It is important to capture the attention of the prospective employer with a headline that is arresting (Marsh & Maria, 2009). Since the advert is competing actively for the employer’s attention, it is important to avoid generic headlines and go for others that are more dynamic. Creating urgency in the headline will make the employer interested in going through your advert. It is also important to keep the tone as engaging and conversational as formally possible. While an advert with proper sentence structure and spelling will be appreciated, it is more important to give the reader increased insight into what kind of person the writer is and what it would be like to meet and converse in person (Marsh & Maria, 2009). W ords that are not necessary in getting across the adverts message could be construed to mean the writer is unimaginative and detached. The advert also needs to be as descriptive as is publicly possible (Marsh & Maria, 2009). While this does not include intimate life details like divorce, it was important to present clear information to enable the prospective reader visualise you. Cliches are a no-go and instead it was important to use vivid adjectives. Dry adverts are not appealing to prospective readers who will have many adverts to go through on top of other duties. It was thus important to infuse the advert with moderate humour. This aids in gaining the readers attention and showing personality. The advert should also especially catch the eye of your prospective reader (Marsh & Maria, 2009). Therefore, before writing this advert, it was important to go through other adverts on the net and get the ones that would compel an answer from the employer. Looking at what the competition is doing gives one the links that could have been missing. During the designing of this advertisement, it was important to sell the client to the market base that she would like to work (Marsh & Maria, 2009). Every potential employee carries his or her value in the market, which can be considered as a Grade point average. Naturally, companies will seek the best employee they can afford. All companies would love a 4/4 GPA employee but not all will possess the same kind of marketing mix. It is possible to make up for the 3.6 by

Debate the thoeries of Accounting for stock options Research Paper

Debate the thoeries of Accounting for stock options - Research Paper Example Fair value model, lattice model and finally minimum value method which is based upon the someone’s willingness to purchase a call option on a share of stock at the current fair value of the stock with the right to postpone payment of the exercise until the end of the options period, ignoring the volatility of the underlying stock in valuation calculation. This has necessitated the emergence of alternative incentive methods to premium cash thus employee stock options. Any stock option with exercise price higher than the price of the underlying stocks at the exercise date are exchanged for new ones with lower exercise price because companies have to account for the stock issued to their employees. But the companies have to account for them although they do not incur any costs to grant the options. Guides and standards on how such transactions are accounted for in the books of the company have to be provided. Stock option compensation that needs to be looked at is the backdating of employee stock option and how it affects the company. Agency theory argues that compensation policy should provide management with incentives to select and implement actions that add shareholder wealth. Discussion Pertaining the use of the intrinsic value method of accounting for stock options, a company is to value stock options based on their intrinsic value at that juncture they were granted. Intrinsic value refers to the difference between the stock’s market price on the grant date and also including the exercise price at which the employees can use the option to purchase stock. Incase the stock’s market price is slightly higher than the option exercise price, therefore, the stock option’s value is the difference between the two. Realizing the shortcomings of the method there is need to look for a more comprehensive and efficient method of stock options .By using this method it will result in no compensation expense since we grant employees options with e xercise prices same as the fair market value of the underlying stock at the time of the grant. Fair value was encouraged to be used but it was not a mandatory requirement to be used by the companies as stipulated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The fair value accounting approach valued stock options basing on various factors that establish the underlying value. This is because the companies are to outlay for option grants based on the fair value of the options that were expected to vest on the date it granted them. In December 2004, FASB issued a Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (Statement) No. 123(R), Share-Based Payment. Statement 123(R) replaced Statement 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, and was consequently effective for public companies as of July 1, 2005. It was effective for non-public companies as of January 1, 2006. The company had an option of either using Black-Schole option pricing model or the binomial option so as to come up with the options fair value. However, if the company continues with the intrinsic value of the approach they required to avail additional closure in the footnotes to their financial on what the expenses would have been with fair value approach. Under Statement 123, the company is only allowed to disclose information on the effects

Virginia Slims Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virginia Slims Advertising - Essay Example This is the marketing thrust of Virginia Slims to induce women to smoke by inducing anxiety among its target market then later provide Virginia Slims cigarette as the panacea to relieve the women of its distress through the use of beautiful images in their advertisements. As a product, without the gloss and twist of advertising, Virginia Slims was really nothing but just a cancer-inducing tobacco which causes bad breath, cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. But with the fuzzing or altering of the target market’s perception, the product suddenly became desirable where its smokers became an epitome of class, sophistication, confidence and seem to be happier. Virginia Slims does this by distorting reality through the use of beautiful images in their promotional campaigns whereby they associate that such beauty, class and sophistication can be achieved by smoking their product of which we know to be untrue. It is an unhealthy advertising because it creates discontent to make or induce the market to become receptive to its harmful product. The pervasiveness of this kind of advertisement that uses beautiful images of men and women to sell harmful products lowers the self-esteem of the target market. It is because the audience of these idealized beauties inadvertently compare themselves to these images that are unrealistic where the models themselves will have a hard time achieving without the aid of computer enhancement. It also makes the audience frivolous because these idealized images inadvertently make an individual tie up his or her self-worth to the physical appearance which is not a healthy gauge of one’s sense of self. It is also unhealthy because it makes the audience strive for an idealized concept of beauty that has no other value than its aesthetic worth. It benefits none except those who purvey that idealized beauty because they profit from it. It also breeds discontent and unhealthy personal disposition because it induces its audience, men and women, to strive for something that is not only unrealis tic but also of no use to better one’s life, society nor does it contribute to a common good except to enhance the profit the client of the advertiser. This idealized concept of beauty that advertisers capitalized on can even be used to manipulate one’s psychological make-up to serve a particular end that does no good to an individual.

Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect - Essay Example The most favored solution is the implementation of legislation that requires a combination of safeguards be put into place. These safeguards would include mandating screening of patients on a more frequent basis, an ombudsman program, and required training for all staff that includes consequences if caught being abusive or neglectful. The time from reporting abuse to the investigation of abuse by should be reduced from the standard of ten days to a standard of within 24 hours. According to Dr. Terry Fulmer of New York University (Journal of American Geriatrics Society, Feb 2004) elder mistreatment is "the intentional actions that cause harm, or create a serious risk of harm, to a vulnerable elder by a caregiver or other person who stands in a trust relationship to the elder". Such mistreatment of elders in nursing homes is a significant problem in this country. Gone are the days when families quite naturally took on the responsibility of caring for the elderly. Most elderly in the country, who cannot care for themselves, are sent to nursing homes. Reports from across the country tell horrifying stories of those abused or neglected. In New Orleans, Louisiana a nursing home employee aged 19 raped a 92 year old woman (New Orleans City Business, 2004). Another nursing home resident had her leg amputated because of bedsores. ...An elderly man lost his testicles because of botched attempts to insert a catheter (New Orleans City Business, 2004). In her guest editorial to Nursing Homes Magazine (March 2005) Gloria Schramm tells the sad story of how her uncle was treated while he was in a nursing home. She recalls how he was miserable, had fallen from his chair because he was not properly restrained, and was unassisted at mealtimes when family was not there to assist him. She recalled how he waited long periods of time for simple things such as a drink of water, a diaper change, or help with repositioning himself in bed. The daily visits from family were critical to his recovery as the level of care he received otherwise was lacking. III. Background: Nursing homes were not always the answer in this country. Prior to World War II the poor and destitute elderly were sent to almshouses, or poor farms, which were known for their poor conditions and inadequate care. Some cities took responsibility for their poor and built, or renamed existing homes, to reflect the change in level of care. "In New York City, in 1903, the Charity Board renamed its public almshouse the Home for the Aged and Infirm. The city of Charleston followed suit in 1913, transforming their almshouse into the Charleston Home." (Haber, 2007) After World War II legislation was put into place that somewhat funded nursing homes and nursing homes were built to act as long term care hospitals. Because of concern for those elderly in need women's groups and religious groups established old age homes for the elderly. "As the founder of Boston's Home for Aged Women (1850), explained-a haven for those who were "bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh" (Haber and Gratton, p. 130).

Branding and Marketing of Kooler Refresh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Branding and Marketing of Kooler Refresh - Essay Example This paper analyzes the branding concept in relation to the launch of a new product and is realized in the development of a soft drink. The product under consideration is Kooler Refresh that is meant to be a competitive drink against the existing products within the U.S. market. With the desire for the market to experiment on newly developed products, Kooler Refresh has been advanced to compete against the established products like Coca-cola and Pepsi that dominate the market share. Brand Positioning Kooler Refresh is a new product to be launched within the U.S. market under the soft drink category to counter the development of a dominant market share by existence products. The product has been based on the need to deliver affordable brand with familiar flavor and quality as compared to the existing brands. The product also seeks to target a defined demographic with the contents within the brand promising added incentive to the consumer. Why Kooler Refresh The soft drink is produced based on the natural fruits as the sole ingredient with the only additive being sugar and glucose. The component comes in variable flavors with the tropical mango, orange and strawberry expected to dominate sales. The new brand targets the demographic that requires valuable taste, health and energy. The target is included in energetic youth and elderly individuals who present the need in delivering satisfactory consumption rate. The product had also been launched based on the principle of affordability after conducting research on the three leading flavors on the demographic. This had been done in three local schools that offered preference to the brand as compared to the other competitors. The leading brands within the market have been in Coca-Cola with Pepsi taking the second position. These brands have utilized the concept of endorsement from celebrity and leading functions in marketing the product. The other paramount position had been realized in the period applied by their mar keters to gain the market share. These brands minimize the prevalence of a new product through promotional campaign and the preference of the customers on a familiar taste of brand. These have been most dominant propositions with customers failing to purchase alternative products at lower products for the recognized brands (Gelder, 2005). However, Kooler Refresh is planning to take advantage of the current market trend. With the catchy phrase that is based on the marketing campaign to promote the healthy product, the competition would be sustained with the realization of the harmful carbonated drinks. The brand targets majority of the customers to be the youth and young energetic children. These are the target that requires added flavor to the drink with positive implications to developing their health. The company also wishes to maximize on generating profit through investing on affordable prices on the established quantities. Kooler Refresh not only rejuvenates the health presenta tion, but also presents a quality taste to be linked to the natural fruit composition that lacks in the competitors drink Moreover, the packaging would be in recyclable material with a uniquely designed ? liter bottle to be used for extended purposes like holding water. Brand Concept The proposed applied strategy to achieve the market position had been in the development of an outstanding brand name. Kooler Refresh is a name that does not share similarity to any other soft drink product in the

EU law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EU law - Essay Example This brief analysis will work to give counsel to the two women, Ame and Bridget, which are presented in the given case assignment as well as provide them with the legal knowledge and constraints that pertain to their individual cases under domestic and European Commission jurisdictions. Likewise, the analysis will attempt to call out specific portions of the European Commission Directive that aptly apply to their given discrimination complaints. Far from being equal, both cases present us with unique constraints and drawbacks which will be elaborated upon and inference/parallels will be drawn to similar cases that have proceeded these and defined a type of precedent for such actions in the not so distant past. Case 1: Ame’s Claim of Age-Discrimination at the State Health Service of Waltaria With respect to discrimination based upon age, 2000/78/EC article 11 is very specific: â€Å"Discrimination based on religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation may undermine the achievement of the objectives of the EC Treaty, in particular the attainment of a high level of employment and social protection, raising the standard of living and the quality of life, economic and social cohesion and solidarity, and the free movement of persons† (emphasis provided) (EC 2000/78). As such, the law specifically speaks to the fact that Ame could not justifiably or legally been terminated based upon her age alone. However, there are two complicating factors to this interpretation which will be discussed at greater length; however, it is worth repeating that based upon the information Ame has provided , there is grounds for a court case with respect to this particular termination. Firstly, one must be aware of what lengths the defendant will be likely to go to in order to defend the legality and rightfulness of their action. This is not to discourage Ame from seeking legal action on this matter; instead, it is to make her aware that the defendant will likely attempt to invoke article 25 of 2000/78/EC which states: â€Å"The prohibition of age discrimination is an essential part of meeting the aims set out in the Employment Guidelines and encouraging diversity in the workforce. However, differences in treatment in connection with age may be justified under certain circumstances and therefore require specific provisions which may vary in accordance with the situation in Member States. It is therefore essential to distinguish between differences in treatment which are justified, in particular by legitimate employment policy, labour market and vocational training objectives, and discrimination which must be prohibited† (EC 2000/78). To what degree the defense will attempt to invoke this and to what level they have supporting documentation that shows this was their actual goal is of course unknown; however, Ame should be aware that this is a likely tactic. Secondly, due to the lack of material evidence (Ame only has overheard a discus sion by certain elements in management. Her particular case is without strong and relevant proof (i.e. a number of other employees terminated at the same time and of the same demographic group) she will have difficulty providing a solid case within the court system. Although it is clear from her letter that

Influential Economic Views of Karl Marx Research Paper

Influential Economic Views of Karl Marx - Research Paper Example Until lately, nearly half of the world’s population lived under authorities that claim to be Marxist. It shows that Marx’s works have been modified and his meaning changed to fit a variety of political circumstance. Furthermore, the fact that many of Marx writings delayed publication means it is only recently that his intellectual stature has been appreciated by scholars. Marx as an economic theorist composed the idea of communism which included all people having all the property and infrastructure. His theories played a significant part in international politics especially late 20th century during the cold war. Marx his work is unique as it polemic other thinkers frequently happened through critique. As a result he has been given in social science first great use of critical method. His attempt to distinguish key findings from ideology prejudices by use of equating metaphysics, speculative philosophy with ideology. This has placed him apart from present day philosopher s. Theory of labor value This theory is the science of political economy to show how under capitalization working people are exploited. It also shows how capitalist society operates. This value is fundamental in understanding of the capitalism economics since capitalism production of commodity par excellence. And, theory of labor value essentially explains what determines a commodity value (World Socialist Movement 2012). According to Karl, the basic unit of the capitalist economic structure is the commodity. Labor theory of value by Marx was inherited from classical school. He basically used Ricardo’s theory of value which states that commodities in... This paper offers comprehensive analysis of the contribution of the renowned social scientist, historian, revolutionary and philosopher Marx to the economic branch of knowledge.It is argued in the paper, that Marx labor theory of value has a primary role in ethnical and ideological issues. He shows that property income sources are often unearned or exploitative incomes. This is accomplished by his assumption that surplus value can only be created by one commodity which is labor. Marx consistently maintained this position through his analysis. Therefore, one can conclude that the surplus value sole creator is capital. His theory of labor value is the science of political economy to show how under capitalization working people are exploited. It also shows how capitalist society operates. This value is fundamental in understanding of the capitalism economics since capitalism production of commodity par excellence. And, theory of labor value essentially explains what determines a commodity value . According to Karl, the basic unit of the capitalist economic structure is the commodity. Labor theory of value by Marx was inherited from classical school. He basically used Ricardo’s theory of value which states that commodities in their prices. He stated that, commodities should have certain measurable amounts that should be common in all of them. Labor is one of the main thing in ensuring a stable economy. Therefore, it should be taken seriously and exploitation of workers should be minimized.

How Reference Groups Exert Influence on Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

How Reference Groups Exert Influence on Consumer Behavior Essay Component Attitude Model An attitude is the psychological response to a person, an object, to a situation, to society and to life itself that generally influence our behaviors and actions. Attitudes are either positive or negative. However our attitudes are not always dictated by our values and beliefs. Other factors in a given situation may influence our behavior. We can also have different attitudes towards the same thing depending on whom we are dealing with, the actual context of an exchange or an event or occurrence. Three major components of attitude are : 1) Affective: emotions or feelings. (2) Cognitive: belief or opinions held consciously. (3) Conative: inclination for action. Cognitive Component The cognitive component refers to the knowledge, beliefs, and opinions the person has about the Nike product. The cognitive component is the individual’s information and knowledge about an object or concept. A person’s cognition is the knowledge and perceptions that are acquired by a combination of direct experience with the attitude-object and related information from various sources. This knowledge and resulting perceptions commonly take the form of beliefs; that is, the consumer believes that the attitude-object possesses various attributes and that specific behaviors will lead to specific outcomes. Beliefs are the cognitive component of consumer attitude. Positive brand associations enhance brand equity and are achieved through a number of positioning strategies. The beliefs about an object tend to control the change that may take place in an attitude. Affective Component The affect component of an attitude reflects feelings (â€Å"affect† is the technical term for positive or negative feelings), evaluation, or emotions regarding the attitude object. Affect refers to the way a consumer feels about an attitude object. It relates to the emotional content and arouses either likes or dislikes of a particular object. A consumer’s emotions or feelings about a particular product or brand constitute the affective component of an attitude. Conative Component The conative component reflects behavioral tendencies toward the attitude object. Conation refers to the act of attempting something. Conation is concerned with the likelihood or tendency that an individual will undertake a specific action or behave in a particular way with regard to the attitude-object. This conative component of attitude may include the actual behavior itself. In marketing and consumer research, the conative component is frequently treated as an expression of the consumer’s intention to buy. Buyer intention scales are employed to assess the likelihood of a consumer purchasing a product or behaving in a certain way. Examples of Intention-to-Buy Scales: I definitely will go I probably will go Behavior involves the person’s intentions to do something with regard to an attitude object. The behavioral component of an attitude is one’s tendency to respond in a certain manner toward an object or activity. Consumers are asked to make a subjective judgment on the likelihood of buying a product or brand or taking a specific action in the future.

Introduction To Workforce Diversity Commerce Essay

Introduction To Workforce Diversity Commerce Essay Workplace diversity refers to the extent to which an organization is culturally diverse. Cultural diversity includes the range of ways in which people experience a unique group identity, which includes gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnic and age. An organizations culture tends to determine the extent to which it is culturally diverse. In a journal entitled  The multicultural organization, by Taylor Cox, Jr., Cox talks about three organization types which focus on the development on cultural diversity. The three organization types are: the monolithic organization, the plural organization, and the multicultural organization. In the monolithic organization, the amount of structural integration (the presence of persons from different cultural groups in a single organization) is very minimal. In the United States, this organization usually represents white male majorities in the overall employee population with few women and minority men in management jobs. The plural organization has a more heterogeneous membership than the monolithic organization and takes steps to be more inclusive of persons from cultural backgrounds that differ from the dominant group. The multicultural organization not only contains many different cultural groups, but it values this diversity. Benefits 1. It helps motivating employees. 2. It enhances the innovation and creativity of employees. 3. It helps in reducing cost. 4. It creates flexibility in the organization. 5. Immediate access to problem solving. 6. Easy transfer of knowledge. 7. Better marketing structure. 8. Innovative work environment. 9. Immediate outcomes. 10. Fulfillment of social responsibility. 11. It helps attract and retain employees. Challenges Miscommunication and lack of understanding is bound to happen in diverse workplaces. Having a policy of diversity and utilizing team-building exercises can help employees learn to communicate and respect each other. Diversity training should be implemented from the top through the bottom of the company hierarchy. Employees are more likely to consider policies fair if those policies can be seen firmly in place at the manager level. Having zero tolerance for harassment and discrimination can help companies avoid costly lawsuits. Action Steps First, assess your companys diversity across all departments. It may help objectivity to hire an outside consultant to perform a diversity assessment. Document what things you want to change, and then make a plan to start diversifying your business. Set up reasonable goals for your company; you may want to revisit your companys policy of diversity every quarter or annually. Be aware of the difference between pursuing workplace diversity and affirmative action. Affirmative action, which is the process of considering a persons racial background during the hiring process, has been challenged in the courts. The Supreme Court has generally frowned on workplace quotas. Employers should be careful to avoid reverse discrimination during the staffing process. For example, pursuing workplace diversity is not the same as having positions that are only open to women or people of color; this is illegal. [Cultural bias  is an additional factor which challenges culturally diverse work environments. Cultural bias includes both  prejudice  and  discrimination. Prejudice refers to negative attitudes toward an organization member based on his/her culture group identity, and discrimination refers to observable adverse behavior for the same reason Another challenge faced by culturally diverse organizational environments is  assimilation. Assimilation into the dominant organizational culture is a strategy that has had serious negative consequences for individuals in organizations and the organizations themselves. Those who assimilate are denied the ability to express their genuine selves in the workplace; they are forced to repress significant parts of their lives within a social context that frames a large part of their daily encounters with other people. She goes on to mention that People who spend significant amounts of energy coping with an alien environment have less energy left to do their jobs. Assimilation does not just create a situation in which people who are different are likely to fail, it also decreases the productivity of organizations. (WIKIPEDIA) EVOLUTION OF WORKFORCE DIVERSITY http://www.ehow.com/about_5066229_characteristics-workplace-diversity.html Workplace diversity was first encouraged in the U.S. by the passing of the Equal Pay Act in 1963. This law required equal pay for men and women performing the same job. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. This included making hiring or firing decisions based on these backgrounds. So far, sexual orientation is not one of the federally protected categories under equal rights laws. However,  businesses may incorporate sexual orientation consideration when embracing workplace diversity.]] IBM first company to start work force diversity http://www.citehr.com/46309-ppt-managing-diversity.html IBM figured in the Fortune magazines list of Americas Most Admired Companies in the year 2004. It was appreciated for recruiting and retaining the best talent across the world. IBM actively encouraged recruiting people from various social and cultural backgrounds irrespective of their age, sex or physical status. In the same year, IBM had developed a talent marketplace to effectively manage its workforce. The marketplace supported employees to find the most suitable job across different organizational units within the company. The ranking was based on eight variables like employee talent, innovation, use of corporate assets, social responsibility, quality of management, financial soundness, long-term investment value, and quality of products/services5. Later, in the 1970s and 1980s, as IBM started operating in other countries outside the US, it actively promoted diversity. The company developed a well-structured diversity policy and implemented it within the organization. During the 1990s, diversity council and network groups were formed to promote diversity In the early 2000s, a skilled workforce was one of the key differentiators for a successful IT company. IBM gave importance to not only recruiting and retaining the best talent but also to managing them in such a way that wastage of skills was reduced. In 2004, IBM developed Human Capital Management Services software to implement a talent management model within the organization. According to analysts, IBMs focus on talent management enabled the company to utilize its workforce properly and also to assess its future talent needs. They felt that the best practices in talent management could be further used to formulate and implement succession planning and leadership development strategies. Work Force Diversity at IBM Diversity at the work place in the US originated from the concept of EEO in the 1940s. At IBM, Watson Jr. issued the first equal opportunity policy letter in 1953. Later, it came under government compliance under the Civil Rights Act of the US in 1964. With the onset of globalization in the 1980s, organizations initiated efforts to broaden their marketplace. In an attempt to sustain themselves amidst the continuously increasing competition, they started doing business across the world. This trend made it important for them to focus on diverse cultures across borders in order to offer products and services that suited the specific needs of different markets. LITERATURE REVIEW In todays society, cultural diversity is at the highest point it has ever been. As companies are becoming more diverse, it is becoming more important for them to understand and manage that diversity. People of different backgrounds, races, ages, sex, and/or religions create a diverse workforce. There is an importance of having a diverse workforce in order to provide better performance overall. With a diverse workforce, there arises a need for new management strategies, which require organization leaders and managers to know the differences among their employees and to know how to handle situations involving these differences. As Dr. Sondra Thiederman, a leading expert in workplace diversity, stated, whether you are a business owner, executive, salesperson or customer- service professional, your success will increasingly depend on your ability to function in a culturally diverse marketplace (Thiederman, 2000).   The growth in diversity is continually on the rise. Today, one in four people in this country belong to a minority or are foreign-born (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). These minorities are considered include any person who is not a white-male. Women today, who currently make up less than half the work force, are expected to fill 65 percent of the jobs created during this decade (Jackson et al., 1998).   Cornell Cooperative Extension, February 1998 http://www.joe.org/joe/1998february/a1.php Strategies for recruiting a diverse workforce are illustrated by case examples from the three stages in Cornell Cooperative Extensions staffing process. Organizational change to address diversity and pluralism requires a change in organizational culture. In the process of recruiting staff from diverse backgrounds, Cornell Cooperative Extension is creating new rules to become more inclusive. Implications indicate that retaining staff from diverse backgrounds needs to be as high a priority as recruiting them. Preparing the workplace to support staff from diverse backgrounds requires greater attention. Changing organizational behavior is the first step in creating a workplace that supports diversity and pluralism. Strategies for helping organizations become more inclusive are reviewed.  Workplace diversity means new opportunities for both employees and employers. As organizations such as Cooperative Extension move into the 21st century, it is imperative to capitalize on the talents of employees from diverse backgrounds because it is their differences that enrich us, expand us, [and] provide us the competitive edge ALLIED SOFT( www.microsoft.com/casestudies) need to develop and manage your globally dispersed and diverse workforce more effectively without sending your costs sky-high. To do that, you need scalable, advanced people management technology that drives your HR strategy across culture, nation and language so you can efficiently manage your workforce, no matter where in the world they may be. By Juliet Midgley and Rae Lewis http://www.onlineethics.org/cms/10977.aspx Adjusting to diversity involves developing a new corporate culture that will work naturally for all. This culture has not yet been fully developed, although companies such as Honeywell, Aldrich Associates, and Pacific Bell are making the effort. According to Robert Roosevelt Thomas, pioneers will be needed to forge and solidify this new area of management and business. He envisions that diversity will be fully achieved and effectively managed only in such a way as to get from a heterogeneous work force the same productivity, commitment, quality, and profit that we got from the old homogeneous work force. Creating diverse workforce greatest challenge for global firms By  Ã‚  Ã‚  IANS Tuesday,17 June 2008 http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/42798 Creation of diverse workforce would be the greatest challenge for corporations in a globalised world, Infosys Technologies chairman and chief mentor N.R. Narayana Murthy said here Saturday.As corporations grow and globalise, I am convinced that the greatest challenge they will face will be the creation of a diverse workforce, Murthy told shareholders at the companys 27th annual general meeting (AGM) for fiscal 2008.   In a bid to address the daunting challenge, Infosys has built a global base to grow in the future, with over 91,000 employees from 70 nationalities working across 90 countries. During 2007-08, the company recruited a record 33,177 people against its projected hiring plans for 25,000.As a global firm with a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic workforce and delivery centres, Murthy said the IT bellwether had taken several measures to create a high-level of diversity in its workforce by enhancing its recruiting efforts in different countries.Though Infosys receives a whopping one million job applications every year, just 2.3 percent of them are offered employment. We continue to hire from the best universities the world over and train them in our global education centre at Mysore in Karnataka. The first batch of graduates from Britain were hired in the last fiscal, Murthy pointed out.Riding on the success of its hiring and training programmes in Britain and the US, Infosys plans to extend the same to many other counties to build a world-class global workforce. Murthy also informed the shareholders that the education centre at Mysore, about 140 km from Indias IT hub, would be one of the worlds largest such facility where 13,000 graduates can be trained at a time, with about 500 faculty rooms and 10,300 residential rooms. Infosyss Globalization Strategy Posted in:  Ã‚  Business  Monday 23rd, June 2008 http://blogs.siliconindia.com/RajSheelvant/P0wU18365916020 Creation of diverse workforce would be the greatest challenge for corporations in a globalized world, says Infosys Technologies chairman and chief mentor N.R. Narayana Murthy according to Silicon India article Creating diverse workforce greatest challenge for global firms. The only way to overcome ethno-centric corporate culture is to have multi-ethnic and multi-national top executives.  Infosys needs to create diversity at the top executive level first.  That will have a long term affect of neutralizing ethno-centric corporate culture and building a truly global organization.  That is the  onlyway for Infosys or any other company to achieve globalization strategy. Globalisation and workforce diversity: HRM implications for multinational corporations in Singapore. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Globalisation+and+workforce+diversity:+HRM+implications+for-a0166537374 This paper presents findings based on a study involving local and foreign medium to large-sized multinational corporations (MNCs) in Singapore. The findings highlight the connection between the stages of organisational development, headquarters-subsidiary orientation, and increasing workforce diversity in MNCs. The following section discusses the political, economic and social imperatives in the Asia-Pacific region as regional political and business leaders emphasise on strengthening institutional capacities to develop and implement effective strategies and practices that will provide a foundation for human resources development in response to globalisation (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 1999, 2000a/b, 2001a/b). Subsequently, this will bring about significant organisational changes in firm structures. This study examines the impact of globalisation in Singapore as a result of such regional developments. The justification for the study in Singapore stems from the fact that it is strategically positioned in this particular region, whereby the nations leadership have placed much emphasis on strengthening institutional capacities to develop and implement effective national policies and strategies that will provide a foundation for continuous economic growth in the 21st century.   Attahir Yusuf International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development 2005 Vol. 2, No.2   pp.  240 256 (http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordHYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orHYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orrec_id=6313HYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orHYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orprevQuery=HYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orHYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orps=10HYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orHYPERLINK http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=6313prevQuery=ps=10m=orm=or) The study explored workforce diversity in the under-studied Arabian Gulf. Specifically, it investigated what small enterprises are doing right with respect to workforce diversity and what they are not doing right. It also studied the relationship between motivation to diversify, level of education, gender and level of workforce diversification in small enterprises. The result indicated that the organisations are doing much more towards diversification and there is also a positive and significant relationship between education and the level of workforce diversification in the SME sector. Diversified firms are also reported as recording higher performance levels compared to non-diversified firms. Human resource practices and workforce diversity:an empirical assessment . Author(s):  Brian DNetto, Amrik S. Sohal,1999 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=6296A766136AA92DD3DBF557AE9AFEC8?contentType=ArticleHYPERLINK http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=6296A766136AA92DD3DBF557AE9AFEC8?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkhtmlcontentId=848256HYPERLINK http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=6296A766136AA92DD3DBF557AE9AFEC8?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkhtmlcontentId=848256hdAction=lnkhtmlHYPERLINK http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=6296A766136AA92DD3DBF557AE9AFEC8?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkhtmlcontentId=848256HYPERLINK http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=6296A766136AA92DD3DBF557AE9AFEC8?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkhtmlcontentId=848256contentId=848256 Workforce diversity has become an important issue in Australia. This study examined the extent to which human resource management practices were being used by organisations in Australia to manage workforce diversity. The study also assessed the perceived challenges and benefits of diversity in the workforce. The findings of this study indicated that overall, management of workforce diversity is only mediocre. In particular, inadequate diversity management practices were found in the areas of recruitment and selection and training and development. As migrant employees do not create any problems and are very compliant, the challenges that workforce diversity presents does not receive adequate attention by organisations in Australia. However, these organisations seek several benefits from their multicultural workforce. by Carol T. Schreiber , Karl F. Price , Ann Morrison In the early 1970s, labor demographers were observing changes in the composition of the U.S. workforce that were expected to modify domestic employment patterns in the coming decades. In 1976 a Conference Board report forecast that the 1980s decade would see higher percentage increases in labor force participation rates for white women and minorities than for white men given continuation of current trends (Lecht, 1976, p.8). When the mid-1980s arrived, demographers, noting that anticipated workforce changes had occurred, predicted further acceleration of the trend by the milestone year 2000. Workforce 2000 projections forecast continuing increases in labor force participation for previously under-represented demographic groups, especially women and people of color. These projections indicated that by the year 2000, working womens representation in the labor force would increase to 47% (of the labor force); African-Americans to 12%; Hispanics to 10% and Asians to 4%; building on tren ds already apparent in labor force participation rates (Fullerton, 1989). R. M. Wentling, N. Palma-Rivas There are numerous ways in which diversity has been defined, there is no definition that fully includes all the characteristics that a diverse population may bring to the workplace. It also showed that there are many forces that are driving diversity issues in organizations. For example, there is a significant increase in women and minority populations in the workplace; Americans continue to mature; an increasing number of minority youths are becoming part of the workforce; gay men, lesbians, and bisexual individuals are becoming an important part of the workforce and marketplace; people with disabilities are also increasingly entering the labor force; and more business is becoming global. This literature review indicates that the demographic composition is affecting not only the makeup of the labor workforce but also the makeup of the marketplace. Therefore, having a diverse workforce and managing it properly is perceived as a competitive strategy that can not only help attract diverse customers but also employees who have different perspectives that can contribute to the creativity of the organization. This review also indicated that researchers have found that an important reason for implementing diversity initiatives in organizations is to improve corporate productivity and profitability. Ongori Henry and Agolla J. Evans University of Botswana, Botswana.Accepted 27, June 2007 The extent to which managers recognize diversity and its potential advantages and disadvantages defines an organizations approach to managing the diversity (Adler, 1997). No organisation in this world of globalisation would survive without workforce diversity. It is the duty of the management to critically evaluate the benefits of workforce diversity in their organisation. On the other hand the management should put in place conditions which would enhance the workforce diversity in their organizations, more especially in their strategies formulation on the diversity of the workforce. Hence, with the diversity of the workforce, the organisation would be internally and externally competitive. Although, the process of diversification of organizations has six stages: denial; recognition; acceptance; appreciation; valuing; and utilization (Porras, 1991). It is believed that organizations should put in place strategies to enhance workforce diversity. In terms of organizational learning, organizations are still stuck on the problem of getting people to value diversity and have not yet determined ways to utilize and exploit it COMPANIES HANDLING WORKFORCE DIVERISTY ATT Commitment to Employees ATT realizes that diverse, talented and dedicated people are key to a companys success. The companys philosophy is to provide employees with continued opportunities to grow and develop their careers. Management is charged with successful implementation of various diversity initiatives as part of this philosophy. ATT leaders are expected to understand the importance of cultural competency. Training and Career Development We want to help our people grow and develop in their careers. In 2008, we invested $244 million in employee training and development programs and an additional $25 million on tuition reimbursement for employees. And 100 percent of our employees receive regular performance and career development reviews. Employee Resource Groups At ATT, Employee Resource Groups (ERGs) are affinity groups open to all employees. The ERGs support our commitment to diversity and inclusion through efforts in the workplace, the marketplace and the community. Were proud to work with these groups to further the goals, values and interests of both our employees and our company.   GENERAL MILLS http://www.generalmills.com/corporate/commitment/workforce.aspx We believe that diverse teams create more and better solutions. A diverse work force helps us stay ahead of our competitors through growth and innovation. Employee Networks General Mills Employee Networks provide a supportive, positive forum for developing, sharing, and exchanging information and ideas. They support our strategic work force objectives by: Attracting and retaining a highly talented diverse work force. Creating and maintaining an inclusive work force environment. Providing a voice to our leadership regarding barriers and opportunities. Providing a support system and forum for exchanging information and ideas. American Express American Express was well known in American corporate circles for its commitment to diversity. The company not only made a conscious effort to recruit a diverse workforce, but it also created a work culture where diversity was valued and promoted. This case discusses the diversity initiatives of AmEx. It talks about how the company partnered with several profit and non profit organizations to ensure that it had access to a diverse pool of candidates in its recruitment efforts. It also talks about the culture and policies at AmEx that ensured that diversity was promoted in all parts of the organization. The case concludes with a commentary on the extent to which the diversity initiatives were successful at the company, in the light of a law suit filed by some women employees against the discrimination they faced. Diversity at Amex Diversity was an integral part of the culture at AmEx. AmEx believed that focusing on diversity was one of the ways to gain competitive advantage in the rapidly expanding global markets.   Having a diverse workforce allowed AmEx to obtain a better understanding of the varied markets it operated in. Diversity has been defined in various ways by experts. The narrow definition, the one pertaining to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in the US, defined diversity in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, age, religion, and disability. However, over the years the concept of diversity widened to include parameters like marital status, language, sexual orientation and tenure with the organization. AmEx embraced and promoted diversity in the broad sense, and its diversity initiatives covered a large number of groups including women, minorities, senior employees, people with disabilities, and homosexuals. ACCENTURE DIVERSITY Accenture is passionately committed to cultivating a diverse workforce both because its the right thing to do, and its a key element of achieving high performance, said Armelle Carminati-Rabasse, Accentures managing director of Human Capital and Diversity globally. Our company comprises people from a wide range of cultural, educational and geographic backgrounds-people who are able to challenge conventional thought, offer unique perspectives and generate innovative ideas. Our rich diversity is part of what makes our company strong. GOOGLE DIVERSITY Diversity plays a large role in the way were developing our engineering organization around the world. Were building a large worldwide office presence to establish ample global representation among our engineers, and were applying that same focus to establish a balanced representation of employees at Google. In the end, these efforts help us more accurately and relevantly represent our users, and our continued success depends on the best minds working from different perspectives and insights. Alan Eustace Google SVP, Engineering Research INFOSYS DIVERSITY Globalization has changed the character of the modern workplace global companys employee base should reflect the diversity of the world it serves. Infosys strives to employ people representing the widest possible variety of nationalities, cultures, genders and gender identities, sexual orientations, employment histories, and levels of physical ability. In doing so, the company is able to recruit new employees from all available global talent pools and provide paths to employment to all members of world societies, including talented individuals from groups who may have in the past been underrepresented within the IT industry. Within such a diverse company, people bring to the workplace contrasting opinions and worldviews. As these people interact, they develop new ideas, methods, and perspectives. Infosys recognizes and promotes this power of diversity to drive innovation. Infosys actively fosters inclusivity across all of its business units and in every one of its company offices. It encourages all employees to focus on the commonalities they share and leverage their differences towards productive teamwork. Inclusivity ultimately makes for a more informed and sensitive employee base that is better able to serve clients. Infosys was the first Indian IT company to establish a company office to manage and drive all company initiatives dealing with diversity and inclusion. Today they have employees from over 70 countries. Women constitute more than 32% of their workforce. TCS DIVERSITY Diversity in companies is no longer about being melting pots, but being salad bowls, according to Grady Searcy. We want people to retain their identity yet be integrated into the company Currently, 7.5 per cent of our workforce consists of non-Indians, said Mr. S PADMANABHAN,EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT and head Global human resource, TCS said while speaking at the NASSCOM HR Summit on `The War for Talent held recently in Chennai. In a session on managing cross-cultural teams, speakers emphasized that managing a diverse workforce is no longer a choice, but an imperative. The Indian workplace is no different from global MNCs.TCS has announced plans to hire about 4,000 people from across the world. DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT AT HYATT HOTELS Formation of diversity councils at thecorporate and hotel levels Provide scholarships for minority students pursuing degrees in hospitality management Partnerships with national minority organizations. Create action plans to increase women and minority representationat all management levels. Creating a diverse workforce is visible in the faces of the total workforce. Hyatt Mumbai has 46% females. At managerial position 37% are females. Training allows the employees to work more efficiently by developing effective management practices to include treating others with dignity and respect Training allows the employees to work more efficiently by developing effective management practices to include treating others with dignity and respect Reliance Energy Management Institute (REMI) looks after the training of the managerial staff Versova Technical Training Centre (VTTC) looks after the training of the technical staff Managers can also have special training programs arranged if required by the employees. It forms a connecting link between the regular workers and the upper management. The contract labours have unorganized labour unions to solve their problems. Diversity- The India Inc. Way Bharti Enterprises and American Express have mandated their recruitment agencies to have 25 % and 33% women candidates at the interview stage. Infosys BPO employs 112 people

Police and Abuse :: essays research papers

POLICE AND ABUSE When discussing police efforts and juvenile delinquency one can only imagine the difficulty officers encounter while performing their primary duty which is to protect the public. But how can or does one (officer) efficiently protect the community while preserving the rights of the juvenile criminals as well. We as a public have become more and more aware everyday of how hard it is for the police to work effectively, but now we are faced with a larger dilemma. The juvenile justice system was enacted to help juveniles who commit crimes learn from their mistakes or actions and to make them better citizens for our communities. The dilemma we face is having a criminal justice system that wants criminals to pay for their actions and a juvenile justice system that wants to help those who commit crimes. And who do we have in the middle of these two remarkable systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the police. The concept of proper policing has changed over the years and has incorporated the assistance of concerned citizens. We are leaving the crime fighting to the communities for policing. No we’re not deputizing communities, but we are involving those concerned citizens who see the downfall of not being involved anymore. We are no longer crime fighters, but we maintain order and discipline. We are not necessarily here just to stop an armed bank robbery in progress, but we are more visible in the community whereas this acts as a deterrent to commit most crimes in communities. And we let the members of the community know we are accessible at all times to be the deterrent or visible whenever they should need us. POLICE AND ABUSE Since officers cannot treat juveniles in the same manner as adults the idea of community policing is the greatest tool conceived. Imagine a community who is involved in every child’s life that when this particular child misbehaves in any way members of the community are the first responders and handle this situation without police involvement. Dream on I know, but when we are discussing juveniles and police officers I often believe we are too late in rehabilitating a child. Let’s look at a simple statistic of juvenile arrests in our nation: 1. 500 juveniles are arrested. 2. Of them 320 are referred to juvenile court. 3. 140 are informally handled and released. 4. 25 referred to criminal court. 5. 10 are referred to welfare. 6. 5 are referred to other police department agencies.

Americas Violence Fixation Essay examples -- Media Violent Crime Essa

America's Violence Fixation One of America's biggest problems today is violence. It is happening everywhere, in the households, out on the streets, even in our schools. When we watch the news and see these acts of violence, we hear the blame be put to one thing: entertainment. Movies and video games are supposedly causing young people to behave aggressively in society, and maybe even compelling them to kill. Some even believe that video rental stores should have policies, such as always requiring an ID, and that some TV programs, movies, and games glorify guns and violence, as well as the guns themselves (center4policy.org). True, some films do portray murder and violence as justifiable; films such as Blade, in which the title character killed vampires in an effort to protect the human race, or The Matrix, where the main characters used violence to free humanity from an artificial intelligence. Video games also have a considerable amount of violence in them as well. The main idea of Grand Theft Auto, one of the more popular video games, is to overtake a city, even if it means using violence. Players are allowed a various array of weapons from baseball bats to machine guns to assist them in missions. Ratings are placed on games, this particular one is rated "M" for "Mature". Retail stores are to check ID of customers in order for them to purchase such games. However, that does not stop children from borrowing the games from others, or even having unsuspecting parents buying them. The question, however, is: "Is entertainment really the cause of violence?" I have been affected personally by the media's claim that entertainment causes violence. One morning on the news program Good Morning... ...at some people disagree with some forms and aspects of entertainment is perfectly fine; not everyone will agree with some of it. Trying to overthrow what the masses enjoy is a completely different matter. As a race, we forget freedom of speech; one voice always has to be louder than the other. Personally, in terms of "Grand Theft Auto", "Pokemon", and " Harry Potter", people purchase these because they enjoy them, they are entertained by them, why not just let them do their thing? I suppose those who point the finger at these live such clean, wholesome lives. The bottom line is: there are things that are popular, people will buy them, be entertained, have, fun, and it will pass. Let them enjoy it. Sources http://www.pegmusic.com/violence-in-amer.html http://www.center4policy.org/violencec.html http://www.davekopel.com/Media/Irmassag.htm

Organisation and management sample paper

Each question is marked out of 10. Please start each question on a new page. 3. Write your answers in the answer booklets provided. Please mark your questions clearly so that we know which questions you have attempted. Make sure your name is clearly indicated on the cover of the examination booklets . Decision-misunderstanding Describe the five (5) steps in the decision making process and provide an example to illustrate the process. Then discuss any one behavioral influence on decision- making and explain how it may influence the example you provided. 2.Organizing Explain the purpose of the organizing function In the relation to the other three (3) functions of the management process. Then compare the functional, divisional, and matrix organizational structures. 3. Controlling Why do managers need to establish controls In organizations? Explain what Is meant by bureaucratic control and clan control In organizations and provide examples to Illustrate your answer. 4. Leadlngandmanagln gchange Explain the purpose of the leading function In the relation to the other three (3) functions of the management process.There are some Important differences between a manager and a leader. Describe the mall differences between a manager and a leader. 5. Communicationandinterpersonalskills Describe at least three conflict management styles and give examples of each. Then explain why the collaborative approach to conflict management is often preferred over the other styles of conflict management. 6. Indeterminateness motivation. Then give one detailed example of each, and explain which approach best describes how you are motivated to work more efficiently and effectively.

Explain What Is Radiative Forcing Environmental Sciences Essay

The green house consequence occurs when definite gases-recognized as green house gases-gather in Earth environment. These gases consist of C dioxide, azotic oxide ( N2O ) , methane, fluorinated exhausts, and ozone. Greenhouse fumes allow the Sun ‘s mild freshness onto the Planet ‘s surface, but they snare the heated that shows back once more up into the conditions. In this manner, they act like the cup surfaces of a green house. This green house impact keeps the World heated plenty to keep lifestyle. Research workers say that without the green house impact, the conditions of the World would fall from 14EsC ( 57EsF ) to every bit low as -18EsC ( -0.4EsF ) .List the chief GHGs. Supply the names and the chemical expression?Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , Methane ( CH4 ) , Azotic oxide ( N2O ) , CFC-12 ( CCI2F2 ) , HCFC-22 ( CHCIF2 ) , Perfluoromethane ( CF4 ) and Sulphur hexa-fluoride ( SF6 ) .Explain what is Radiative Coercing?When people discuss climatic alteration or the green h ouse consequence, the chief existent scientific thought that explains the procedure is radiative coercing. In brief, radiative forcing is an instant step of the measure that the Earth ‘s power monetary value scope is out of stableness.What is the current concentration of CO2 and what was it 1000 old ages ago?Any issue relevant to the uninterrupted development of the air ‘s CO2 focal point is the fright that it may do to black climatic modify. There is small purpose to believe that such will of all time go on, nevertheless, for several findings of traditional alterations in environmental CO2 focal point and air heat scope recommend that it is planetary warming that pushes alterations in the air ‘s CO2 stuff and non frailty versa. In a research of the international heating ‘s that signaled the decease of the last three ice age groups, for illustration, Atomic et Al. ( 1999 ) discovered that air heat scope ever increased foremost, followed by a rise in environme ntal CO2 some 400 to 1000 decennaries later. Atmospheric CO2A phases have continued elevated than 350 ppm of all time since early on 1988.List and explicate what sort of information is used to gauge past concentration of CO2?Another less direct method is to analyze the development circles of trees. Trees develop more rapidly when the clime is warm and wet, but they besides develop more rapidly when CO2 phases are higher. It is possible to do judgements of CO2 phases in the past by analysing the development circles of trees, either as workss or every bit found in wood of old constructions or ships and so on.Define Carbon pes print?The measure of green house exhausts produced to straight and finally support human activities, normally indicated in tantamount plentifulness of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . In other words: When you generate a auto, the engine Burnss petrol which makes a certain measure of CO2, based on its gasoline consumption and the drive scope. ( CO2 is the substance icon f or every bit good as dioxide ) . When you warm your place with oil, gas or dodo fuel, so you besides produce CO2. Even if you warm your place with power, the creative activity of the electric energy may besides hold produced a certain measure of CO2. When you buy repasts and merchandises, the development of the repasts and merchandises besides produced some sums of CO2. The C footmark is an highly influential utensil to recognize the contact of personal activities on planetary heating.List Currently from which human activities do Most of Green House Gases Come From?Technically any and all human action causes the development of CO2. When you take in breathe you generate this gas. The MAJOR makers of green house gas ( of which adult male ‘s entire development is little ) consist of the air conditioning of houses and constructions partly through the creative activity of power ( approximately 50 % of our production ) , so Transport ( approximately 30 % ) . The remaining 20 % is pr opagating about reasonably broad and besides from the development of nutrient and medicine to utilizing the cyberspace.Which activity does Most of Green House Gases Come From in the natural C rhythm?Co2 ( CO2 ) is the primary green house gas produced through single actions. In 2010, CO2 included approximately 84 % of all U.S. green house gas pollutants from single actions. Co2 is of course present in the conditions as portion of the Global every bit good as form ( the organic motion of every bit good as among the conditions, sea, land, workss, and animate beings ) . Human actions are altering the every bit good as rhythm — both by adding more CO2 to the conditions and by impacting the ability of organic basins, like jungles, to take CO2 from the conditions. While CO2 pollutants come from a assortment of organic beginnings, human-related pollutants are responsible for the addition that has happened in the conditions since the commercial tendency.In your sentiment, list and exp licate what the chief C sinks are?Demonstrates the annual activity of 100s of unmeasurable carbon dioxide between the conditions, H2O, and land which are the major armored combat vehicles, or â€Å" sinks † of CO2 – and under other fortunes, a â€Å" beginning † for carbon dioxide. In add-on to the ambiance, the sea acts as a important drain for carbon dioxide with cold H2O taking in more CO2 than H2O. Just as a warming bubbly imbibe green goodss pockets of CO2, so will heating sea temperatures. Absorbed CO2 removed from the sea ( and other Waterss ) by the photosynthesis of plankton and other Marine workss, and so returned to the system as the workss are consumed by animate beings. Demolished carbon dioxide besides chemical responds with H2O to organize carbonaceous acid ( CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 ) which acidifies the environment, and is thought to be responsible for barrier reefs bleaching ; and, presents a important hazard to other marine life.What are Primary infl uences on Carbon emanations?Meaning of statistic boundaries: Pollutants can be linked geographically, to the country where they were created ( the country rule ) or by the action construct to the country created the emanations. These two constructs result in different some when calculating, for illustration, power importing from one state to another, or emanations at a terminus. Time skyline of different GHGs: Engagement of a given GHG is revealed as a CO2 comparative. The calculation to calculate out this considers how long that gas continues to be in the conditions. This is non ever known absolutely and calculations must be systematically modified to bespeak new information. What countries are involved in the calculation ( e.g. , energy countries, commercial processs, farming etc. ) : There is frequently an issue between visibleness and handiness to informations. The statistic method itself: This may be via immediate statistic or rating. The four chief techniques are the exhaust f actor-based technique, bulk balance technique, prognostic emanations tracking system, and repeating emanations tracking systems. These techniques vary in preciseness, cost, and functionality.What are secondary influences on Carbon emanations?They are calculated in C dioxide comparable, by agencies of all nursery gases being fitted following to a rubric which employs C dioxide as a support. Several influences appear at primary and secondary footing ‘s, untangling the two. Such as, when person takes a auto, this produces a primary foundation of C dioxide. While person sips bottled H2O, this produces a secondary footing ; so the emanations are non in the bottle itself, nevertheless in the developed and transit of the container.Explain what is polar dipole?A polar molecule is a molecule in which there is some separation of charge in the chemical bonds, so that one portion of the molecule has a little positive charge and the other a little negative charge. Water is a well-known ill ustration of a polar molecule. Dipole molecules are created when common electronic brace at covalent bond is asymmetrical. If different atoms are bonded by a covalent bond, which can hold different negatron affinity, so the atom with greater negatron affinity will pull the negatron pairs more strongly. In this manner an asymmetrical distribution of negative charge appears in a molecule, so one portion of the molecule becomes comparatively negatively ( the one closer to the electron brace ) and the other becomes comparatively positively charged.Why is Methane more powerful than Carbon dioxide as a GHG?The climatic modify prospective or GWP, is a simple measuring frequently used to measure how much more extremely effectual a given green house gas is in comparing to co2. Back in 1996, the Intergovernmental Board on Environment Change approximated the GWP for methane as 21, regarded over a 100-year clip form following fumes. As of 2007, the IPCC provided climatic modify possibilities ( GWP ) for methane of 25 for a 100-year integrated time-frame and 72 for a 20-year integrated clip interval after fumes. Using a more latest design to better catch how methane communicates with other radiatively effectual ingredients, Shindell et Al. in a 2009 papers in Technology modified these facets to 33 and 105 severally. These greater rules indicate the best, most present scientific discipline. The GWP for methane is less at the drawn-out interval scope merely because methane does non stay in the conditions for every bit long as carbon dioxide.Describe what are CAP and Trade?A cap and trade categorization is a method for managing taint, with the terminal aim of diminishing the overall taint in a state, country, or market. Many protagonists of taint control aid the thought of such systems, differing that they are effectual, and that they appear reasonable financially every bit good. It is merely one option among many for diminishing the fumes of contaminations, such as carbon di oxide, a green house gas that has drawn important sums of attending due to its ecological effects.What is eccentricity of Earth and how does it impact clime?The World does non hold eccentricity. However, the orbit of the World about the Sun is a small spot unusual. This has small impact on the times ( in the North Hemisphere, it really makes summer clip and winter a small milder ) . Neither does the World have point. However, the whirling axis of the World is angled comparative to the aircraft of the Global orbit around the Sun. The relationship between this point and glacial times is unidentified.What is precession alteration and how does it impact the clime?The alterations in the topographic point of universe and its orbit around the Sun are known as flawlessness modify. As we know Our Earth revolves at an topographic point of 23.5 degree to the consecutive and its Northern Post factors to the famous person Polaris in the celestial country presently. Because of precession, it used to factor to the famous person Vega likely about 12,500 decennaries ago. This implies that if we try to acquire out the effects of precession on our Earth every season the alteration is minimum. However, at the terminal of the form, such as this season, in my information, our Earth is expected to complete another form.What is the magnetic poles alteration and how make these impact the clime?Many natural systems have been suggested for international heating during the past 1000s of old ages none of these appears to hold included the alterations in international heat scope seen over the 2nd half of the last century. As such the rise in heat scope has been linked to manmade systems. Research of the activity of the Global attractive northern and south poles over the last 105 old ages shows strong connexions between the place of the northern attractive, and geomagnetic Northern and south poles, and both northern hemisphere and international temperatures. Although these connexions are su rprising, a mathematical analysis shows there is a less than one per centum opportunity they are alone, but it is non clear how gestures of the northern and south poles affect environment. Links between alterations in the Global attractive country and international heating, have been suggested antecedently although the exact process is debated. These include: The Global attractive country impacts the energy transportation monetary values from the solar air current to the Global environment which in bend impacts the North Ocean Oscillation. Motion of the northern and south poles changes the geographical entry of galactic and solar cosmic radiation, traveling them to peculiarly environment sensitive countries. Changes in entry of extremist violet radiation caused by the activity of the attractive country may ensue in additions in the decease monetary values of C falling pelagic workss such as phytoplankton.Were the aims of the lesson met? Yes __________ NO ________________ ?Yes I have met all the aims of the lesson.

Selective Reasoning

When the simulation was first assigned, I really had no idea what to expect. I assumed that my group members and I would be creating various written documents, which was clearly not the case. After selecting a group composed mainly of my close friends, we began to read through the various materials given to us to help us successfully complete the simulation. After watching a few of the videos from our customers and reading the given document about Minnesota Mircromotors, we began the simulation.Before the simulation started our group decided that we wanted to put customer atisfaction as our top priority, over market share and profit. After our first quarter, we began to panic because every satisfaction arrow was in the red. Immediately we made changes to everything we did before, restoring us back to equilibrium in the second quarter. From there on out, the simulation ran a lot more smoothly. In our first attempt at the simulation, we played around with the price of the product a lot , trying to keep it lower for Customer D, while also sometimes bringing it up to help increase profits.By the time I took the simulation individually, I realized that playing with the price was a waste of time. What I found best was to keep the price at $142 or $143, ignoring was Customer D wanted. I found over time the discounts to be much more important. We as well as l, always gave Customer D the largest discount, followed by Customer A, Customer B, and finally Customer C. This gave us the highest customer satisfaction while keeping the price relatively the same. For the distributor discount, we kept it relatively constant throughout, but increased it towards the end in order to keep the customers happy.For the sales force emphasis pie chart, we tried a lot of different methods to try nd get the best result. The first few times through the simulation we focused our attention on Customer A and C over B and D. This worked throughout fairly well, but wasn't ultimately the best solut ion. During my last individual attempt, I completely cut out customer D, while giving half of my attention to Customer. Roughly the remaining half was split between A and B, but it fluctuated a little throughout the simulation. This confguration of the pie chart ended with me getting a much larger score than previous attempts.During the group simulations, we put a lot of time into figuring out the best way to plit up spending on large/small customers, as well as retaining those same customers. We argued a lot about which should get more emphasis and which did not. I found that no matter what I did, that the small customers seemed to always be very satisfied. Because of this, what I found to work best was to keep both spending and retaining large customers Just slightly about the small. I kept this relatively simulation, and gave me the best score in the end.Sales force was another aspect of the simulation our group argued a lot about. Half the group thought the sales force was very important, while the other half hought it would be better to use that money in order to enhance our physical product. What I found that worked the best was to leave the sales force at 1 1, but if I really thought it was necessary to get rid of them then to Just do it for one quarter. I noticed that each time I dropped a few for a quarter that my total budget would sometimes increase by $100,000.For that reason alone I did this several times in order to have as large a budget as possible. During the group stages my budget only got up to $800,000, which we thought was very good. When I took the simulation individually I got the budget to increase to $1. million. I feel that managing my sales force correctly played a key role in obtaining more total budget. The first time we took the simulation, we tried getting rid of market research for the very last quarter. This ended terribly for us and caused us to lose a customer satisfaction star from every customer.From then on out I left mark et research at the required $50,000 Just to stay safe. One of the most important parts of the game I found was spending on IMC. After the first quarter as a group, when we did very poorly, we found that putting money into IMC was the best way to increase our profit nd market share. What I found that worked best regarding IMC, was to basically put all additional budget into it. Almost every quarter I did this, my profits would continue to rise. When I did the simulation individually, every time I gained more money in my total budget that money would address IMC first.IMC was definitely the key to the game for me. The single most argued part of the simulation for our group was the distribution of money in Power-To-Size Ratio, Manufacturing, and Thermal Resistance. At first it seemed that no matter what we did as a group some customer would complain about something. No customer complained more than Customer B complaining about wanting more thermal. Our group found ourselves always argu ing over how much money to put into which of the three categories. We never really did a great Job doing so because there was always an unhappy customer.What I found to be the best method was based on sure luck. I really wanted to take some relatively large risks in my last attempt at the individual simulation so I cut out Manufacturing Efficiency Improvement entirely. After two quarters of making a huge profit, I kept that up until the end. This gave me more money to put into important things like IMC, Power-To- Size Ratio, and Thermal Resistance. This kept the customers satisfied for the most part. After being the CEO of Minnesota Micromotors, I found that my ideals before I started the simulation were a lot different from how I feel now.Before the simulation started, our group really wanted to focus on customer satisfaction. For the most part we kept the customers very satisfied and satisfied. I now feel that market share and profit are what were the best ways of achieving a high score. With high profit and market share I was given more budget to work with. This trend kept accumulating ntil both profit and market share were higher than during the first couple simulations. The difference was that my customer satisfaction for my final simulation scores of 55, 60, and 60.My final score was a 75. Taking risks was something I wasn't too fond of at the beginning of the simulation. I thought being conservative was definitely the way to go. Because of this I was really conservative at the beginning with my group, as well as myself. I did the best when I took some risks. I am really glad I took a chance in my last simulation because then I really grasped the fact that sometimes you have to focus on the customers that help ou the most instead of focusing on pleasing all of the customers.Overall, I am really glad we got he opportunity to participate in the simulation. We really got a hands on experience of what we learned in class. I'm glad we got to apply our knowled ge, and I believe I learned a lot from doing the simulation. Although I did a lot better individually, it was very helpful to work in a group at first. We did fairly well compared to the rest of the class, and work as a team really helped with that. I would recommend this simulation to any marketing student because it is exactly how I picture the real world working.

Social Attitudes towards Transport

Traffic police have a selected amount of land to cover throughout the region. Their role is to Provide an emergency response, Reduce road collision casualties, Minimise disruption to the free flow of traffic, provide any possible assistance and reassurance to road users, Provide specialist support services to the force and Ensure that the division makes the most efficient use of all its resources. In all the traffic cars the patrol cars have been fitted with specially designed suspension and brakes to cope with the extra load and the varied and demanding conditions they are exposed to. Motorcycle officers also have a specialist role in the policing of major public events, such as football matches, and providing a police escort for VIPs. They co-ordinate roadwork's, speeding complaints and monitor local collision trends. Rapid Response Ambulance Rapid response ambulance is specified to attend emergency incidents, ideally within eight minutes of notification. The Trophy Yellow estate cars, with green reflective Battenburg livery, incident equipment carried on the vehicles includes; oxygen therapy, cardiac defibrillators, entonox, maternity and paediatric pack, burns bag, cervical collars, splints and first aid bag. Plans for major incidents, site maps, body bags, triage cards and contacts for agencies and hospitals are also carried. Additional special items include the light roof bar, radio communications and a reverse-decal ‘Ambulance' livery on the bonnet and ‘RESPONDER' on its tailgate. These cars aren't stationed at the hospital; they are located in areas close to the region boarders making their response time a lot quicker. Their role is to attend emergencies, be first on the scene and aid injured people. Both services are required to attend incidents within a short period of time. To be able to make these deadlines, they are both authorized to use their sirens and lights to make other road users aware that they are responding to an emergency. In many cases both rapid responses are linked together. If theirs an RTA the rapid response would be first on scene that would then get the ambulance service called out if anyone is injured. The rapid response ambulance may take that call if it's within their area, which would attend and wait for ambulance to attend from the hospital to take casualties to hospital. Criminals target vehicles, New cars are automatically fitted with some sort of device attached immobiliser, tracker or alarm. The ideas of these security devices are outlined beneath. Immobilising system, which is automatically activated when the ignition key is removed. The way it works is the device transmits a radio-frequency signal every time the engine is started, sending a different password to the system. Insuring the car cannot be started any other way without the key. Electronic engine immobilisers prevent your car from starting and are the best way to stop thieves. Car alarms can deter thieves from not only stealing your car, but also taking items from it. Older cars are criminals prime targets due to the lack of security protection fitted to them. Steering wheel locks are a cheaper alternative to engine immobilisers use them every time you leave your car. Locking wheel nuts easy to fit and stop thieves from taking your wheels. Have your car registration number or the last seven digits of your Vehicle Identification Number etched onto all windows, both windscreens and your headlamps. Mark all your car equipment, like your car stereo, with your vehicle registration number. Having any of these security measures reduces the attractiveness of the car to thefts. Analysis of driver's attitude whilst travelling on the roads. Due to no one having the same characteristic everyone is different, with his or her own style of driving technique. With this in mind people tend to act differently on the roads. Road rage is the biggest form of driver's attitude on the roads and they aren't necessarily the person behind the wheel either. People speeding, acting irresponsible and general behaviour of others on the roads can cause road rage. Older citizens push the blame onto younger citizens for the way that they drive, younger citizens reverse the blame. There are business people who due to road rage drive more dangerously and faster blaming traffic and deadlines as their excuse. Parents who want to pick children up, but cant park near schools due to heavy congestion around the school. There are people who drive for living truck drivers, van drivers and public transport drivers who are consistently on the roads, that travel through all the peak times of the days. There are the rush hour periods during the day that make everyone less tolerable to waiting calmly. Speeding is mostly influenced by other people speeding, thinking if they can break the limit then so can they, which causes many other problems on the roads. After researching speeding I found that in Northampton there was a work shop for people who had broken the speed limit, where people can analysis there own behaviour on the roads. After the workshop results showed that: 92 per cent of respondents who had been on a Speed Workshop said that they were now more likely to keep to the speed limit. Of those who had received a speeding ticket, but hadn't been on a Speed Workshop, 53 per cent of respondents said that it was not acceptable to exceed the speed limit. After the Workshop, this increased to 78 per cent. http://www.norpol.com/safetycamera/newsstart.htm Drink driving in England is unacceptable especially around the Christmas period where more than the average drink. The UK legal limit for drivers is 80 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood but there is no failsafe guide to the amount of alcohol that a driver can safely consume. The amount and type of alcoholic drink, the weight, sex and metabolism of the driver all play a part. But any amount of alcohol affects driving ability. A motorist's ability to judge speed and distance may be impaired, their reaction times may be slowed and their judgement of risk seriously affected. Advice from the drink-driving site has given this structure for drinking: Immediately before driving: – Men should consume no more than 4 units, women no more than 3 When drinking the night before driving: – Men should consume no more than 10 units, women no more than 7. (This assumes that no alcohol is consumed after 11.30 pm, and that driving does not take place before 8 am the following morning) Cambridge county council have published that in the last three years there have been 324 drink drive accidents involving death and injury. Drink driving may cause the driver not able to judge the speed and distance accurately; the driver may become more overconfident whilst driving endangering other road users. With all these people on the roads, there is no wonder so many people are involved in accidents. Accidents can also be caused by people's personal preferences. A driver may like to drive slower than the person in the car behind due to not feeling confident on the roads or just being cautious. Many drivers on the road don't have enough breaks during travelling that could make the driver tired, irritable and likely to become a danger to themselves and others. Business people travelling in their own car are likely to have mobiles in use, without hands free or microphone the drive by law has to stop where safe and answer the call. As this is unlikely event to happen most people fit attachments in the car to prevent committing an offence. Parents with children should to prevent the driver being distracted, entertain children with some sort of music or equipment that will entertain the children while in their baby seats or whilst they are belted up in the back seats. Using this sort of attitude whilst making a journey will decrease the chance of a common traffic offence and in case of an accident reduce the chance of critical accident. (Ref 1) (Ref 2) (Ref 1) Poster on tiredness – I did a surveyed on ten people asking what they do during long journeys, five people said they don't stop but tend to differ the speed, play music and have sweets in the car. Two people said that they stop every two hours at a pre-selected break while the other three said that it depends on the weather and whether they know where they are going. After showing the poster to the five that don't stop, the drivers have changed their opinion and have agreed to wither stop for a stretch, swap drivers if able to and plan their journey that stop every hour to two hours. (Ref 2) Poster on mobile phones – whilst driving, proves that people aren't multi-skilled that means driving and using a mobile will divide there attention running higher risk of an accident. Surveying the same ten people that I did for the tiredness poster, I asked how many have their mobiles switched on and how they would deal with the driving if they're mobile started ringing. Three people said that they don't have their phone on at all through journeys. Two people said that due to the nature of the business that they have hands free kits and one person said that their company installed a microphone set to avoid missing calls whilst on the road. Four people said that they would only use there mobile whilst sitting in traffic or when they are driving on roads that wont cause the driver distraction. After showing the poster and asking them to read it out, they found it very hard and took a few seconds to work out that the transcript was engaging two different statements. After this experiment, all of the drivers that I surveyed that said that they would at least get some equipment installed in their car to avoid causing accident. Even using hand free kits and microphones aren't advised, but they aren't against the law and they have reduced the amount of accidents. Not everyone can avoid using their mobile whilst travelling due to their job but this does reduce the amount of accidents for the time being.

Distance Education Essay

We normally take our studies in a structured establishment called classroom located a place called school. Every day, we wake up early, leave our homes, pay for transportation fees and finally reach to our second home, the classroom. As we welcome ourselves in Mindanao State University, we are lucky to meet different kinds of people from different kinds of places. People from Glan, Tacurong, Marbel and all over Mindanao are your schoolmates and classmates. You share experiences with them, telling stories about their place that makes you as if you were once there. But, what if there are some people who want to study but for some reasons, they cannot go to school, will they be able to study despite their situations they face? Our world is constantly changing and getting more complicated, that is why human beings formulated new innovations and techniques regarding their educational careers. Distance Learning or Distant education is a mode of delivering education and instruction, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional setting such as a classroom. It is not a face to face interaction just like we do in schools. There is a quite large distance and time between the learner and the teacher. Typical students who enroll at Distant Education courses are people who are too busy in their careers that they have no time to spend in school. Celebrities like Anne Curtis are a student of Distant Education. Or you can be a student with physical disabilities that you find it hard to go to school. Or maybe the courses offered are available only in far places. There are many possible students of this kind of education. There are many modes of communication in distant learning. It can through the telephone, letter or the most common type, the internet where you can see each other and contact directly to one another. There are many instructional materials can be used. It can be an audio tool, video, a print, or a softcopy data. There are some advantages of this type of education. First, it’s potential. The opportunities for distance education have exploded along with increased use of the Internet. The original distance education programs used print materials, but the majority of current programs use online software and programs to replicate a classroom setting. Many degrees are available through distance programs, including high school, college and post-graduate diplomas. There are now distance education options for nearly every career choice, from nursing to accounting. It is also flexible. Distance education provides opportunities for people who may have trouble attending a traditional institution such as stay-at-home moms, people working full time or members of the military. Many online educational programs allow you to work at your own pace, so you can fit your education into your schedule. Also, the cost of distant education is cheaper. In many cases distance education can be considerably cheaper than attending a traditional college. Not only are the classes cheaper, but you can learn from the comfort of your own home and not have to pay for room and board or transportation. On the other hand, Distant Learning losses interaction with the other students is one of the advantages of it. Distant education is commonly one student in one teacher so only 2 of you are interacting with one another, or sometimes, communication is only one way where only the teacher is active in communicating. It is not easy to motivate if you are the only one or the only peer in the learning ground. It is also self-paced so it is less motivating. It is quite amazing that humans are able to deliberate this mode of learning. It sounded like cool to me in a sense that it involves or let’s say it is dependent of technology which is an asset when it comes to employment. It gives us an idea that education is truly for all for those who are willing to learn – – busy schedule or disabled, still allot their time and effort for studying. In part of the teachers, it will open new ways of learning and of course, employment and income will increase. This education will be in- demand especially to foreigners who want to speak in English and many more. When my professor once introduced distant education in the class, I was quite convinced to study in that way. If I learn the mechanics of Distant learning, I someday may become a teacher of distant education. I want to help students who are especially handicapped or something. It is a proof that education will be non-discriminating, and I hope this type of learning will continue to grow as they produce competent students.