Pschological assessment Essay

Section A Write an essay on the process you would follow in developing a psychological assessment measure. Discuss the steps that you would take in this process, including how you would choose items for your test, how you would evaluate the reliability and validity of your test, and the issue of establishing norms. Discuss the theory comprehensively and illustrate your understanding with an example or examples. Introduction The process of developing a psychological test is a complex and lengthy one. ( Foxcroft & Roodt, 2001) but aspects related to the planning of a psychological test are not always sufficiently emphasised and sometimes not mentioned at all ( Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 1997). When the test is to be used in a multicultural context, attention needs to be paid to the cultural relevance (and potential bias) of the test right from the planning and design phase instead of only being sensitive to cultural aspects from the item writing phase onwards. Also given that we do not have a long history of developing culturally appropriate tests applicable to diverse groups in South Africa, test developers need to grapple with basic issues such as what methods of test administration might be appropriate or inappropriate for certain cultural groups and what language to develop the test in, for example. More time needs to be spent in the planning phase exploring and critically considering test design issues. Planning phase The first and most important step in developing psychological measures is the planning phase. Planning involves writing out the skeleton of what one aims to achieve. Careful though needs to go into deciding on the aim of the measure, defining the content of the measure and key elements of the test plan. a test plan consists of the following aspects: (a) specifying the purpose and rationale for the test as well as the intended target population, (b) defining the construct (content domain) and creating a set of test specifications to guide item writing, (c) choosing the test format, (d) choosing the item format, and (e) specifying the administration and scoring methods (Robertson, 1990). Specifying the aim of the measure The first step is to state the aim of the measure, the construct I will use and how the outcome will be used. If I am conducting this study in South Africa I will also need to mention that the measure will be used in a multicultural society. I would need to elaborate on what I mean by multicultural by highlighting the context. I would state the age of the test takers and their educational status. The information concluded above is important because it may have an impact on the test specifications and design. I would need to state whether the test would be paper-based or computer-based. When that decision is made I would need to consider whether the test-takers are familiar with such tests. The test takers may underperform on the evaluation because they are not proficient in the instrument of measure. This may impact the validity of the study to be conducted. I would also need to ascertain whether the test will be administered individually or in a group setting. Because psychological constructs are brewed in western societies, the emphasis is on individualism. When working in a multicultural society, however, it is important to consider the norms of the society I would be working in. In some cultures, for example, the group identity is valued over the individual identity. This could have an effect on the content of the measure. Defining the content of the measure Here I need to figure out what I want to measure and why. This will show me what to focus on during the other steps. A working definition of the construct is needed. This includes identifying exactly what I aim to get out of this research study. To do this I need to embark on a comprehensive literature review. I will see how my topic has been investigated in the past and spot the gaps. I can now make the decision on whether I am conducting a new study or adapting an existing study into the South African context. Later I will need to make the same decision on the instrument I will use for data gathering. Since I would be working in South Africa, I need to decide on whether separate norms should be developed for test takers from advantaged and disadvantaged schooling backgrounds and/or for urban and rural areas. I would assemble a team of content, language and cultural experts to scrutinise the content being developed. Nell (1994) states that  language is a critical moderator variable of test performance. If the test taker is not proficient in that language, it is difficult to ascertain whether poor performance is due to language or communication difficulty or that the test-taker has a low level of the construct being measured. I would produce the test in a bilingual format and specify the source language. Work would need to be done to ensure that the construct is meaningful for each group. Developing the test plan (specifications) Once the construct to be assessed has been defined and operationalised, a decision needs to be reached regarding what approach will be employed to guide the development of the test content and specifications. Decisions will be made regarding the format to be used (open-ended items, forced-choice items etc.), how they will be scored (objective or subjective tests), and whether time limits will be imposed. The language and cultural experts are once again needed during this step. Sometimes psychological constructs, conceptualised in western society, do not have a known equivalent in African discourse. For such constructs the translated version would need to explain the construct in a way that is closest to the English meaning. This will require more time for the African language test taker. The test specification should eliminate the possibility of construct bias. The format therefore needs to be standardised for a variety of cultural groups or it should at least include items that will be considered easy, moderate and difficult by all groups. Although these steps follow after each other, I will need to go backwards and forwards to ensure content and construct validity. Item writing The second step is item writing. Once the test specifications have been finalised, the team of experts writes or develops the items. The trend in South Africa has been to simply adapt an already made test to accommodate South African test takers. This is not necessarily the easier option. Firstly, concepts are not always understood in the same way in different societies. For example, the term depression is sometimes taken to mean with  very sad in some societies. It is therefore important to ensure construct validity even for an English test given to English mother tongue speakers of a different society to that of the tests’ origin. If the assessment measure will be administered to children, face validity will be ensured through the use of big writing, use of colour and drawings. The length of the items should also be considered. With every step of items writing reliability is ensured. Reviewing the items An item bank is then developed and items reviewed in terms of whether they meet the content specification and whether they are well written. Items which do not meet the specifications are removed from the bank before it can be used to generate criteria-referenced tests. The team of experts should focus on both content validity and indicate whether the items are from stereotyping and potential bias. The experts will then return the item list with recommendations. They will need to be re-written or revised. Assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure Items need to be arranged in a logical way. Since we are dealing with a multicultural society, we need to ensure that the items are balanced and on appropriate pages. The length of the items in each category needs to be finalised. For long problems based items, time adjustments need to be made. A decision would have been made with regards to whether the test is paper-based or computer-based. The appropriate apparatus needs to be made available. The  Pre-testing the experimental version of the measure The test items have to be administered to a large group of examinees. This sample should be representative of the population for which the eventual test is intended. This will be the norm group. Items analysis phase During this phase items are checked for relevance. Again we see if each item is reliable and valid to the study. The characteristics of the items can be evaluated using the classical test theory or the item response theory. At the item level, the CTT model is relatively simple. CTT does not invoke a complex theoretical model to relate an examinee’s ability to success on a particular item. Instead, CTT collectively considers a pool of examinees and empirically examines their success rate on an item (assuming it is dichotomously scored). This success rate of a particular pool of examinees on an item, well known as the p value of the item, is used as the index for the item difficulty (actually, it is an inverse indicator of item difficulty, with higher value indicating an easier item). The ability of an item to discriminate between higher ability examinees and lower ability examinees is known as item discrimination, which is often expressed statistically as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between the scores on the item (e.g., 0 and 1 on an item scored right-wrong) and the scores on the total test. When an item is dichotomously scored, this estimate is often computed as a point-biserial correlation coefficient. IRT, on the other hand, is more theory grounded and models the probabilistic distribution of examinees’ success at the item level. As its name indicates, IRT primarily focuses on the item-level information in contrast to the CTT’s primary focus on test-level information. The IRT framework encompasses a group of models, and the applicability of each model in a particular situation depends on the nature of the test items and the viability of different theoretical assumptions about the test items. Revising and standardizing the final version of the measure Once the qualitative and quantitative information has been gathered, the test is administered to the large sample for standardization. All the items that were found to be unclear are simplified. Vocabulary and grammar is corrected. Split-half reliability is assessed. The translated version is checked through back translation (into the source language). The items are finalised for the test. The final database is used to check on reliability  and validity. The administration and scoring instruction may need to be modified. Then the final version is administered. Technical evaluation and establishing norms The items can be analysed using the item response theory. The characteristics of each item may be represented graphically be means of a graph which relates an individuals’ ability score with their probability of passing the items. Items with large variances are selected. The scores obtained by the norm group in the final test form are referred to as the norms of the test. To compare an individual’s score with the norms, their raw score will be converted to the same kind of derived score as that in which the test norms are reported (e.g. percentile ranks, McCall’s T scores etc). Publishing and ongoing refinements A test manual is compiled before a measure published. The manual should make information on the psychometric properties of the test easily understandable. It will be updated from time to time as more information becomes available. Section B List the steps that should be followed in the adaption of an assessment measure for cross-cultural application and briefly explain what each step means. 1. Reasons for adapting measures  Cross-cultural assessment has become a sensitive issue due to specific concerns regarding the use of standardized tests across cultures. By adapting an instrument, the researcher is able to compare the already-existing data with newly acquired data, thus allowing for cross-cultural studies both on the national and international level. Adaptations also can conserve time and expenses (Hambleton, 1993). Test adaptation can lead to increased fairness in assessment by allowing individuals to be assessed in the language of their choice (Hambleton & Kanjee, 1995). 2. Important considerations when adapting measures The test can be compromised if there are problems between the test takers and the administrator. The administrator should therefore familiar with the culture of the test-taker. They cannot take it for granted that the test taker will be exposed to the format of the test. This could lead to the score representing a lack of skill with regards to the format of the test instead of measuring the construct being assessed. Some languages, like isiZulu, require more time to be spent reading therefore would require more time to complete. 3. Designs for adapting measures Before selecting an assessment instrument for use in counseling or research, counselors and researchers are trained to verify that the test is appropriate for use with their population. This includes investigation of validity, reliability, and appropriate norm groups to which the population is to be compared. Validity and reliability take on additional dimensions in cross-cultural testing as does the question of the appropriate norm group. The instrument must be validly adapted, the test items must have conceptual and linguistic equivalence, and the test and the test items must be bias free (Fouad, 1993; Geisinger, 1994). Two basic methods for test adaptation have been identified: forward translation and back-translation. In forward translation, the original test in the source language is translated into the target language and then bilinguals are asked to compare the original version with the adapted version (Hambleton, 1993; 1994). In back-translation, the test is translated into the target language and then it is re-translated back to the source language. This process can be repeated several times. Once the process is complete, the final back-translated version is compared to the original version (Hambleton, 1994). Each of these adaptation processes has their strengths and limitations. 4. Bias analysis and differential item functioning Another issue that must be considered in cross-cultural assessment is test bias. The test user must ascertain that the test and the test items do not systematically discriminate against one cultural group or another. Test bias  may occur when the contents of the test are more familiar to one group than to another or when the tests have differential predictive validity across groups (Fouad, 1994). Culture plays a significant role in cross-cultural assessment. Whenever tests developed in one culture are used with another culture there is the potential for misinterpretation and stagnation unless cultural issues are considered. Issues of test adaptation, test equivalence and test bias must be considered in order to fully utilize the benefit of cross-cultural assessment. 5. Steps for maximizing success in test adaption Hembleton (2004) summarised nine key steps that should be addressed when adapting or translating assessment instruments. 6. Challenges related to test adaption in south Africa A disadvantage of adaptation includes the risk of imposing conclusions based on concepts that exist in one culture but may not exist in the other. There are no guarantees that the concept in the source culture exists in the target culture (Lonner & Berry, 1986). Another disadvantage of adapting existing tests for use in another culture is that if certain constructs measured in the original version are not found in the target population, or if the construct is manifested in a different manner, the resulting scores can prove to be misleading (Hambleton, 1994). Despite the difficulties associated with using adapted instruments, this practice is important because it allows for greater generalizability and allows for investigation of differences among a growing diverse population. Once the test has been adapted, test equivalence must be determined. Reference Foxcroft, C.D. & Roodt, G. (2009). An introduction to psychological assessment in South Africa. Johannesburg: Oxford University Press Hambleton, R. K. (2001). The next generation of the ITC Test Translation and Adaptation Guidelines. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 164-172. Hambleton, R. K. (2004). Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. In R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment (pp. 3-38). Mahwah,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Van Ede, D.M. (1996). How to adapt a measuring instrument for use with various cultural groups: a practical step-by-step introduction. South African Journal of Higher Education, 10, 153-160.

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne After all, the youthful lady accepts the help of a witch rather than seeking a reverend. Lots of people who had nevuss were thought to be enchantresss. Lots of people who had birthmarks were thought to be witches. Atwood notices that they tend to not think quite like this (1). For people who believe themselves to be good are not and those who don't are. Aylmer attempts to take out the mark severally but fails. Aylmer is the sole person who isn't able to locate the beauty within it. Top Samples of Essay on the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Secrets Everything in the essay has to be directly regarding the central idea and have to add to the reader's understanding of that central idea. Fortunately, you've come to the correct place to discover the greatest remedy to every single academic writing problem that you're currently facing with your essay. 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Baseball, America s Pastime - 2009 Words

Baseball is referred to as â€Å"America’s Pastime.† Many people argue it is one of the hardest sports to succeed in. Out of the four major sports in the United States, hitting a 95 mile per hour fastball is a goal only few can accomplish at a professional level. With only 750 players throughout 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) teams, the odds of making it to â€Å"The Show† are highly unlikely. To make it to the big leagues as an African American player was an even harder feat to accomplish in the mid to late 1900’s. Baseballs Greatest Experiment tells the story of how MLB was an all white mans game up until the death of Commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis in 1944. Team owners and the commissioner did not want to integrate African Americans into the MLB; â€Å"some experts argued that the absence of blacks in the majors stemmed from their lack of talent, intelligence and desire† ( Tygiel, 32). Since Jackie Robinson overcame many obstacles, baseba ll players and fans alike can argue that he paved the way for African Americans in baseball and challenged societal social structure. As African Americans started to make names for themselves in other sports such as the boxer Joe Louis, people questioned why African Americans were not allowed to play baseball. Tygiel brought it to attention that, â€Å" the emergence of Joe Louis as the world heavyweight boxing champion and a national hero led many American’s to re-evaluate their prejudices† ( Tygiel, 35). As African American boxers started beatingShow MoreRelatedBaseball Is America s Pastime2072 Words   |  9 Pages Baseball is America’s pastime. Thousands of fans every season gather in stadiums nationwide to watch as players take the diamond. People of all ages have a love for baseball, after all it is the all American sport. Baseball was loved by millions until one day when the truth came out. The 1919 World Series had been rigged. 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Operations Research Smu-de Mba Sem 2 Free Essays

Spring 2013 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 MB0048 –Operations Research- 4 Credits (Book ID: B1631) Assignment Set – 1 (60 Marks) Note: Assignment Set -1 must be written within 6-8 pages. Answer all questions. Q1. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Research Smu-de Mba Sem 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain the scope of Operations Research. What are the features of Operations Research? 10 marks (300 – 350 words each) Q2. Six Operators are to be assigned to five jobs with the cost of assignment in Rs. given in the matrix below. Determine the optimal assignment. Which operator will have no assignment? Operators Jobs 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 2 5 2 6 2 2 5 8 7 7 3 7 8 6 9 8 4 6 2 3 4 5 5 9 3 8 9 7 6 4 7 4 6 8 10 marks Q3. a. Explain the Monte Carlo Simulation. b. A Company produces 150 cars. But the production rate varies with the distribution. Production Rate 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 Probability 0. 05 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 0. 30 0. 15 0. 05 At present the track will hold 150 cars. Using the following random numbers etermine the average number of cars waiting for shipment in the company and average number of empty space in the truck. Random Numbers 82, 54, 50, 96, 85, 34, 30, 02, 64, 47. 5 +5 = 10 marks (200 – 250 words each) Q4. Explain the Characteristics and Constituents of a Queuing System. 10 marks (300 – 350 words each) Spring 2013 Q5. a. What do you mean by dominance? State the dominance rules for rows and columns. b. Find the saddle point of the following game and state the optimum strategies for layers A and B A B 1 2 3 4 5 1 9 3 1 8 0 2 6 5 4 6 7 3 2 4 4 3 8 4 5 6 2 2 1 5 +5 = 10 marks (200 – 250 words each) Q6. a What are the differences between PERT and CPM? b. A project has eleven activities whose duration is given in the following table: Activity 0-1 1-2 1-3 2-4 2-5 3-4 3-6 4-7 5-7 6-7 7-8 Duration (days) 2 8 10 6 3 3 7 5 2 8 3 i. Draw the network ii. Identify the critical activities and critical path. 5 +5 = 10 marks (200 – 250 words each) How to cite Operations Research Smu-de Mba Sem 2, Essays

Product Types of Dick’s Sporting Goods Sample Essay Example For Students

Product Types of Dick’s Sporting Goods Sample Essay With its deep mixture every bit good as deep assortments of featuring goods. Dick’s Sporting Goods ( DSG ) has maintained a generous lead in the clean goods retailing sphere. They have been able to make this by offering big assortments of name trade name points in every class in the shop. Some of the more noteworthy names include Nike. Under Armour. The Northface. and Adidas. and are conspicuously featured in about every corner of the shop. These trade names account for about all of their one-year gross and stay a big ground shoppers gravitate to the shop. DSG merely sells the most up-to-date sporting dress and cogwheel for the current twelvemonth which helps to maintain the company a leader in the industry. I believe this is what sets Dick’s apart from their rivals. By offering the latest and most advanced merchandises from the most well-known featuring goods companies. Dick’s will go on to be known for its quality. Unfortunately. this is besides where they may see a faux pas in gross. The borders are already smaller on these types of merchandises. but couple that with the point that featuring goods are more recreational or even luxury than necessary. and the point that we are still in the thick of an economic recession and Dick’s is positioned in a unstable topographic point. Private Brands ( Including Development ) â€Å"Another cardinal to Dick’s success is its accent on private labels† ( Gunther. 2010 ) . The company has developed a figure of its ain merchandises with providers chiefly located in China ( Gunther. 2010 ) . Dick’s has even licensed certain name trade names in order to make specialised. sole merchandises but still sell them under a national name trade name. A good illustration of this is how they licensed the Adidas name so they could make their ain lines of â€Å"Adidas† branded baseball chapeaus and baseball mitts. The company besides likes to purchase out deceasing or worsening trade names in an effort to use their names and branding image. For case. in 2008 Dick’s purchased the Maxfli trade name of golf balls from Taylormade-adidas Golf and sells the now private trade name entirely at Dick’s ( Quinn. n. d. ) . Some other companies that Dick’s has purchased include Slazenger and the Field A ; Streams trade name. In 2011 they e xpanded their private trade name portfolio by adding KOPPEN in the out-of-doorss class. Nickent in the golf class. and Nishiki in motorcycles ( Gunther. 2010 ) . These trade names were added to already impressive choice of known private labels such as Adirondack Trading Company for insouciant vesture. Northeast Outfitters for runing and work dress and boots. DSX and DSXT for cycling dress. and Steve Hill and Stone Hill Clubhouse for golf dress and places ( Gunther. 2010 ) . Harmonizing to their one-year study. their private label trade names are a major point of involvement for the company as it tries to vie in the progressively competitory featuring goods market place. Presently the private labels that Dick’s has history for 15 % of their entire one-year gross revenues. and they are be aftering on increasing that figure in the coming old ages ( Gunther. 2010 ) . Edward Stack. Dick’s President and CEO. says he plans on increasing the figure of private labels the company has as he sees them as a manner to bolster Dick’s net incomes ( Gunther. 2010 ) . Personally. I see these points as good quality. well-built merchandises at a deal monetary value. Although I have limited experience with these peculiar merchandises ( I’ve neer owned them but I have felt and handled them ) I feel like if the company can go on to offer their clients a good value. My lone concern would be that they may put on the line estranging some of their clients who are used to the national trade name names. If they continue to offer more merchandises that some consumers don’t recognize they may get down to come across as a less esteemed. more value than quality type shop. I believe they should be able to work around this by easy constructing their private trade name consciousness and besides by increasing the quality of those points even more. They may besides see advancing them more. Even though most people still like to purchase points through the brick and howitzer locations. it may assist to be able to happen these points on their web site. I couldn’t happen them. Exclusive Trade names .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 , .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .postImageUrl , .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 , .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635:hover , .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635:visited , .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635:active { border:0!important; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635:active , .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635 .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad7cd452b244b4773deb0373ad1f0635:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plastics Recycling and Heat EssayDSG has besides tried to increase their market portion by offering sole points from top major trade names. The most noteworthy trade name is Nike. which Dick’s boasts as one of its top two trade names and sells a overplus of points that consumers can merely happen at Dick’s ( Gunther. 2010 ) . These points offer Dick’s clients the option of purchasing alone colourss and forms and even versions of Nike gear. They are besides the sole retail merchant of Umbro. a association football trade name that includes many different dress points. One of the most of import facets of these sole points is that they offer the clients a better value than most of the other cogwheel from the same maker. No uncertainty it was all in the design. but the merchandises are normally rather a spot cheaper than other or even similar merchandises by the same maker. It’s non apparent what the logical thinking for this is but since the points can merely be found at Dick’s one might reason that its manner to pull and construct client trueness since clients can usually happen all the other points at other featuring goods shops. Personally. I feel that it may be in their best involvement to increase the sum of sole points they offer. By distinguishing themselves in that manner they stand to increase their market portion as more people continue to comparing store through this recession. Although I was unable to happen out how flexible Dick’s relationship with these large companies is. it’s non difficult to conceive of that the companies would hold some power over how Dick’s advertises and/or promotes the merchandises in the shops. This of class. could straight impact how much room they have for other merchandises and trade names. and with more attempt being put into their private trade names. more infinite may finally be needed. The inquiry will be how this will impact client trueness. Will clients still want to shop at a company whose ware is non Nike. Adidas. Under Armour. or The North Face? Merchandise Categories While it’s been difficult to happen how Dick’s Sporting Goods manages its ware from a buyer/vendor position ( i. e. how the purchasers interact with the providers ) . the manner they split their shops ware up and the manner they organize the ware throughout their several categorical countries is evident as of all time. For illustration. they separate the Nike merchandises from Adidas and Under Armour merchandises within Men’s Apparel. Due to the size of their shops. Dick’s is able to use a big assortment and a big mixture at the same clip. For case. if you looking to purchase a Nike hooded sweatshirt you would be able to happen about three different colourss in approximately four different sizes for that one type of sweatshirt. but what makes them alone is that they offer a big assortment of different sweatshirts every bit good. The figure of SKU’s in this instance is surely greater than their assortment of different sweatshirts. but they continue t o offer more overall than do many of their rivals. One thing this retailing scheme does is that it reinforces the thought that Dick’s is a forte shop with adequate assortment to accommodate everyone’s fiscal demands. This provides value unlike their rivals presently do. However. this besides puts the force per unit area on Dick’s to keep their stock list good. With larger offerings Dick’s is forced to keep high degrees of stock list costs. Fortunately. they have late introduced a new stock list system that will let them to command stock list degrees at a much better degree than earlier. This should finally assist with making larger net income borders in an progressively competitory industry. Lone clip will state if they will be able to keep that degree of service. .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 , .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .postImageUrl , .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 , .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768:hover , .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768:visited , .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768:active { border:0!important; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768:active , .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768 .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc1c10a3e596b347618627c15984ad768:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American transcendentalism EssayWork Cited Gunther. Marc. â€Å"Retail’s Rising Star. † CNNMoney. Cable News Network. 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 02 Feb. 2013. Quinn. Gene. â€Å"Dick’s Sporting Goods Acquires Maxfli | IPWatchdog. com | Patents A ; Patent Law. † IPWatchdogcom Patents Patent Law Dicks Sporting Goods Acquires Maxfli Comments. N. p. . n. d. Web. 02 Feb. 2013. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ipwatchdog. com/2008/02/20/dicks-sporting-goods-acquires-maxfli/id=121/ gt ; .

The Yellow Wallpaper Essays (1421 words) - Mental Illness In Fiction

The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story told from the first person point of view of a doctor's wife who has nervous condition. The first person standpoint gives the reader access only to the woman's thoughts, and thus, is limited. The limited viewpoint of this story helps the reader to experience a feeling of isolation, just as the wife feels throughout the story. The point of view is also limited in that the story takes places in the present, and as a result the wife has no benefit of hindsight, and is never able to actually see that the men in her life are part of the reason she never gets well. This paper will discuss how Gilman's choice of point of view helps communicate the central theme of the story- that women of the time were viewed as being subordinate to men. Also, the paper will discuss how ignoring oneself and one's desires is self-destructive, as seen throughout the story as the woman's condition worsens while she is in isolation, in the room with th e yellow wallpaper, and her at the same time as her thoughts are being oppressed by her husband and brother. In the story, the narrator is forced to tell her story through a secret correspondence with the reader since her husband forbids her to write and would ?meet [her] with heavy opposition? should he find her doing so (390). The woman's secret correspondence with the reader is yet another example of the limited viewpoint, for no one else is ever around to comment or give their thoughts on what is occurring. The limited perspective the reader sees through her narration plays an essential role in helping the reader understand the theme by showing the woman's place in the world. At the time the story was written, women were looked down upon as being subservient beings compared to men. No matter what a woman did or thought, she was still seen as the lesser of the sexes. Like the narrator, women of that time were directed to suppress their creativity as it threatened the dominating male's sense of control. By having the narrator be forced to write in secret, There comes John, and I must put this away -- he hates to have me write a word, Gilman was able to show that even the simplest things, like wanting to write were forbidden, lest the male approved (392). Prohibited from working and not being able to contribute to the household as a proper wife, the narrator begins to feel helpless: So I? am absolutely forbidden to ?work' until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas (390). The narrator's husband and brother both exert their own will over hers, forcing her to do what they think is the appropriate behavior for a sick woman. She has been given a schedule[d] prescription for each hour in the day; [John] takes all care from me (391). The way that she is required to act involves practically no exertion of her own free-will. Instead, she is expected to obediently accept the fact that her own ideas are mere fancy, and only the opinions of the men in her life can be trusted. The fact that she is not allowed to think for herself is narrowing the extent of her authority in her life and of her autonomy. With no creative outlet her mind starts to find things upon which to dwell, things that only she can see. Virtually imprisoned in her bedroom, supposedly to allow her to rest and recover, she slowly starts to go insane. Without compassion or an outlet for her creativity, her mind turns inward and focuses on her now increasingly shrinking universe. She has no say in the location or the decor of her room: I don't like our room a bit. . . But John would not hear of it (391). She is not allowed visitors: It is so discouraging not to have any advice and companionship . . . but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillow-case as to let me have those stimulating people about now (393). In large part because of this oppression,